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Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Springer
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Abstract: |
The present study was aimed to explore the cardio-, immuno-, and nephrotoxic effects of the antipsychotic agent clozapine (CLZ)
and the alleviative potency of sulpiride (SPD) on these impairments in rats. For this purpose, 40 male rats were divided into four
groups and were orally treated with saline (control), CLZ (0.5mg/kg bw), SPD (28 mg/kg bw), or a combination of CLZ and SPD
(CLZ+SPD), daily for 30 consecutive days. At necropsy, blood samples and specimens from the heart, kidneys, and spleen were
collected for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological investigations. The results showed that CLZ administration was
associated with significantly lower immune status indices and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lactate
dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, cardiac, and renal tissues injury markers. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of Kidney
Injury Molecule-1 (Kim-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms were
markedly upregulated in CLZ-treated rats, compared to the control group. On the other hand, rats treated with SPD alone showed
non-significant differences in terms of immune response indices, tissue injury markers, and mRNA expression levels of Kim-1,
TIMP-1, and CYP isoforms. Finally, CLZ+SPD co-treatment significantly modulated almost all biochemical indices. Besides,
Kim-1, TIMP-1, and CYP2C19 mRNA expression levels were significantly downregulated, while other CYP isoforms showed
no modulation, compared with CLZ-treated group. Histopathologically, CLZ-treated rats showed severe lesions in renal, splenic,
and cardiac tissues, compared with control rats, which were restored in CLZ+SPD-co-treated rats. Overall, these findings
demonstrate that CLZ treatment induces significant cardiac, immune, and nephropathic alterations, which were reduced with
CLZ+SPD co-treatment.
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