| Journal: |
Scientic Reports
Springer Nature
|
Volume: |
|
| Abstract: |
Groundwater is generally less prone to contamination than surface water; however, pollutant
inltration can occur due to aquifer characteristics and anthropogenic land use (LU) changes.This
study presents the rst DRASTIC-based groundwater contamination risk (GwCR) framework for
stressed aquifers around the Ismailia Canal, a newly developed articial canal in Egypt. It evaluates
the standard DRASTIC, Pesticide DRASTIC, DRASTIC-Lu, and Pesticide DRASTIC-Lumodels,
along with theirmodied versions, using Single Parameter Sensitivity Analysis (SPSA) and GIS
techniques. SPSA identied the following parameter weights for the pesticide-specic DRASTIC
model: D>S>T>A>I>C>R. One- Map Removal Sensitivity Analysis (MRSA) analysis showed the
Pesticide DRASTIC model wasmost sensitive to net recharge (1.36%) and soilmedia (1.0%), with
moderate sensitivity to the vadose zone (0.65%), topography (0.45%), and hydraulic conductivity
(0.42%). Excluding key parameters, particularly D, A, and S, caused signicant variability, impacting
vulnerability assessments.The Pesticide DRASTICSPSAmodel outperformed others, with 82.6%
of groundwater samples, along with relative frequency greater than 0.8 in moderate to very high
vulnerability zones.The Pesticide DRASTICSPSAmap indicated that 36.21 km², 6.26 km², 19.03 km²,
31.0 km², and 13.09 km² of the study area were in very high, high,moderate, low, and very low
susceptibility zones, respectively.The high and very high vulnerability zones were primarily located in
the northern and southern regions of the Ismailia Canal, where the protective clay layer is absent and
shallow groundwater and sandy vadose zones prevail.The very high vulnerability area increased from
27.3 km² in the original DRASTICmodel to 30.52 km² under the Pesticide DRASTICSPSAmodel.These
ndings apply to other regions with similar hydrogeological and socio-economic conditions, oering
insights for future freshwater canal system development in Egypt.
|
|
|