The process of early diagnosis of polyps is considered a critical point of preventive healthcare, as it can significantly improve the prognosis and treatment outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer. Since the Polyps are constructed in the colon, they can grow up to be cancerous over time. We present an alternative Polyps image segmentation approach according to multilevel thresholding techniques (MLTs) to ensure effective early polyp diagnosis. The developed MLT Polyps image segmentation method depends on improving the performance of the Dung beetle optimizer (DBO) algorithm based on the operators of Triangular Mutation (TMO), Comprehensive learning (CL), and dynamic update of the search domain. We conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the DCTDBO using eight Polyps images and compared it with other image segmentation methods, ensuring a rigorous and thorough process. The results show the high ability of the DCTDBO according to performance measures to segment the Polyps images. In terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), and feature similarity (FSIM), DCTDBO performed better than the basic version of the DBO and other methods. For example, the average of DCTDBO overall threshold levels and tested images in terms of FSIM, SSIM, and PSNR is 0.9668, 0.99217, and 28.9338, respectively. This indicates the influence of TMO and CL on enhancing the performance of DBO.