Water scarcity and energy deficits for countries that lack clean water and reliable electricity such as Egypt pose critical challenges to sustainable development. Current systems often lack performance in balancing water production and power generation, underscoring the urgency for integrated, optimized approaches. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a proposed concentrated solar power (CSP) plant coupled with desalination processes in Ras Gharib, Egypt. The study evaluated the feasibility of integrating parabolic trough collectors with steam Rankine cycles, multi-stage flash (MSF), and reverse osmosis (RO) desalination to meet local freshwater demands while generating electricity. Additionally, three optimization algorithms—Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (AOA), Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), and Polar Fox Optimization (PFO)—were employed to optimize the parameters of a conventional Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model. The main objective was to enhance the model's predictive accuracy for generated power and water yield in MSF and RO processes. The system achieved a yearly mean water production of 16,160 m3/day and supplied 10.8 MW to the grid. By incorporating these advanced optimization techniques, the study enhanced the ANFIS model's capability to effectively capture complex relationships within the dataset, resulting in more reliable and accurate predictions in power generation and water production. The ANFIS-PFO model outperformed others, achieving near-perfect accuracy (R2 = 1.0 for power, 0.9999 for water) and minimal errors (RMSE = 0.06 for water and 463.45 for power), surpassing ANFIS-HHO and ANFIS-AOA by significant margins. The computed levelized cost of water (LCOW) demonstrates excellent market competitiveness at $3.25/m3, particularly advantageous for industrial-scale desalination applications integrated with power generation capabilities. Furthermore, the net production cost assessment yielded an exceptionally competitive value of $2.10/m3, positioning the proposed system favorably within the current desalination market landscape.