Abstract Infant formula (IF) is the second most significant global food after human milk. A comparative analysis of the composition and distribution of fatty acids (FAs) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) in human milk and IFs from Egypt was conducted with those from their Chinese counterparts. Eight brands of IF available in the Egyptian market exhibited significant differences in FA and TAG profiles compared to human milk. Specifically, all IFs had lower levels of saturated fatty acids (SAF) and higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) than human milk. Additionally, ultraperformance supercritical fluid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPSFC-Q-TOF-MS) analysis revealed the presence of more than 144 and 142 TAGs in human milk and IFs, respectively. The most prevalent TAG composition in human milk and IF were O/P/O and O/O/O, respectively. Based on individual similarity index (ISI) calculations, Chinese IFs outperformed Egyptian IFs in all TAGs containing palmitic acid.