Abstract Introduction: Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have increased susceptibility to infection. The risk of acquiring infection including tuberculosis (TB) in RA may be increased in patients receiving any immuno-suppressive medication including anti-TNF therapy, which is used successfully for treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this work was to assess the risk of TB in RA patients on anti-TNF therapy compared to conventional disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs when screening for latent TB and TB chemoprophylaxis was applied. Patients and methods: This study conducted on (235) RA patients indicated for either conventional therapy or anti-TNF therapy from 1-1-2010 to 1-10-2013. Assessment was done before RA treatment and included medical history, clinical examination, plain chest X-ray, HRCT chest QuantiFERON-TB Gold in-tube (QFT-GIT) test and microbiologic investigations for tuberculosis when indicated. All patients with positive QFT-GIT received chemoprophylactic treatment for TB. Results: The studied rheumatoid arthritic patients were divided into two groups; group (A) included (105) RA patients on conventional disease modifying anti rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with mean age (51 ± 12) and group (B) included (130) RA patients on anti-TNF therapy with mean age (48± 13). This study showed no significant increase of tuberculosis among patients on anti-TNF therapy (group B) compared to patients on (DMARDs) (group A). Chemo-prophylaxis in patients on anti-TNF therapy leads to prevention of reactivation of latent TB. Conclusion: There was no significant increased risk for tuberculosis among RA patients receiving anti-TNF therapy when screening and chemoprophylaxis was applied, so screening of RA patients before anti-TNF therapy for latent tuberculosis and TB chemoprophylaxis should be done. ª 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Egyptian Society of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis