The world’s population is growing at an exponential rate, i.e., 1.59%, and by the end of 2050, the global population has been predicted to grow to an estimated 9 billion people. Furthermore, with the current human population of 7700million and with its rapid growth, food production is expected to increase by no more than 70% by 2050, so feeding the population will be a major challenge. Microbial technology is a type of biotechnology that uses microorganisms in combination with emerging modern biotechnology techniques to develop ecological agriculture. Microscopic technology is concerned with manipulating the genetics of microorganisms or their constituents to make it possible to yield valuable merchandise for a variety of solicitations. In terms of increasing agricultural productivity, traditional farming equipment and practices have reached their limit. Biochemical composts, insect killers, herbicides, and other agricultural inputs have improved agronomic output while lowering soil efficiency and deteriorating conservational eminence. One of the upcoming management strategies is the use of microbial inoculants containing beneficial microbes capable of improving plant growth, quality, and fertility of the soil. Numerous plant-associated contagious groups (nitrogen-fixing, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, and mycorrhizal fungi) provide stress resistance by manufacturing a wide variety of enzymes and metabolites. Inoculation of plants with these PGP microbes helps them to bear both biotic and abiotic stresses and promotes plant growth by improving soil structure, moisture retention, mineral absorption, and nutrient uptake. Plants’ genetic dependence on the valuable functions provided by symbiotic cohabitants explains the widespread use of organisms in sustainable agriculture. Biotechnologies that have recently been developed using an ecofriendly and cost-effective approach can provide useful new tools for solving a variety of specific problems in sustainable agriculture. The purpose of this study is to compile a list of various microbial biotechnology applications for sustainable agriculture development.