دور الأنشطة الاتصالية الرقمية بالجامعات المصرية في التعامل مع جائحة كورونا (دراسة تطبيقية)

Faculty of Arts Media Department The role of digital communication activities in Egyptian universities in dealing with the Corona pandemic (Applied study) A Dissertation Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the Master Degree in Media By Omar Mohammed Ali Ghareeb Under Supervision of Dr. Wafaa Salah El-Din Associate Professor of Public Relation, Head of the Department of Media Faculty of Arts Zagazig University 2022 Introduction: The progress of higher education represents great importance at the level of all societies, and in light of the rapid global changes and transformations, there is widespread agreement that community service must become the first function and even the leader of university education. Public relations within universities represent an important mechanism for bringing about this change, as they link the various interactions that can arise between members of society by shedding light on the problems that hinder the development process, whether in developed or developing societies alike, and working to find appropriate solutions to reduce their risks. The university's public relations department is the window through which it views its internal and external audiences, informing them of its activities and programs through its various means, with the aim of building an ideal image for the university. Perhaps this is what prompted those responsible for higher education in universities to give public relations remarkable attention, as the public relations department witnessed There has been a development in its communication performance and it has shifted from the traditional method to the digital method, and it has become the way for practitioners to build relationships with audiences via the Internet. Digital public relations now has great potential as a tool for communicating with the public and gaining its trust and support. Many institutions have turned to developing it, due to the ability of communication technologies. Reciprocity and interaction on influence and persuasion. In light of the health conditions that the world is going through due to the spread of the Corona pandemic, human life is the most important priority that must be worked seriously in order to preserve it by taking appropriate measures and spreading awareness of the real danger of this virus. In the first spring of the year (2020), the Corona virus... The lives of approximately (187,972) people in Italy, and (41,303) people in the United States of America. Many countries have taken strict preventive measures and procedures to limit the spread of the Corona virus to protect the lives of citizens, such as limiting mixing, which has led to a negative impact on the education sector, primarily schools and universities. According to UNESCO, (138) countries around the world have closed institutions. Educational, and in light of the tendency of many countries in the world to coexist with the Corona virus crisis and the importance of taking preventive and safety measures, and in light of the tireless effort to maintain the continuity of the educational process in their institutions in a natural manner, it is the responsibility of universities to play a major role in raising awareness against the dangers of the Corona virus, given that they have Contact with the most important and influential groups in society, especially university youth.   Subject of the research and its significance: With the expansion of the public base of Egyptian universities, and their endeavor to create communication between their audiences in order to maintain their entity and the continuity of their success in Egyptian society, interest came in the functions entrusted to the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities through the digital communication activities carried out by the Public Relations Department. In light of public relations’ interest in digital technology and its interactive applications to create interactive dialogic communication as it is the ideal model for building digital public relations in Egyptian universities and their clients via the Internet, since the beginning of the spread of the Corona virus, the countries of the world have witnessed many transformations that led to a change in needs and priorities in areas of life. Different, which required higher and university education institutions to make fundamental changes in their administrative methods to suit the needs and developments caused by the spread of the Corona virus and the serious threats it poses to the future of humanity as a whole. With the increasing calls for care to take the necessary preventive measures and procedures on the personal and social levels in order to prevent the Corona virus, limit its spread, and raise awareness of its danger, and in view of the importance of the university’s role in serving society and its ability to influence it through its communication activities carried out by the university’s public relations department and the use of... Digital communication activities in spreading awareness about the Corona virus, because these activities have a role in communicating areas of awareness to students in a convincing manner. Based on the above, the problem of the research can be formulated in the following question: “What is the role of digital communication activities in universities in Egyptian universities in dealing with the Corona pandemic and what is the nature of this role through an analytical study of websites and Facebook in Egyptian universities and their use for communication activities in addition to a field study on a sample of University students"   The importance of research : 1. The importance of research the reality of digital communication activities in Egyptian universities and employing them appropriately through the use of digital media with the student population in dealing with the Corona pandemic. 2. The importance of studying the role of digital communication activities of public relations departments in Egyptian universities in providing the student audience with news, topics, and information related to the Corona crisis in light of these activities’ use of digital changes and technological challenges. 3. An attempt, through this study, in its analytical and field framework, to reach the forms of practice for digital public relations in Egyptian universities and to benefit from them in educating students and shaping their attitudes towards the functional role of communication activities towards confronting the Corona crisis. Objectives of the study: 1. Identify the most important digital communication activities carried out by digital public relations through the websites and social media sites of Egyptian universities in dealing with the Corona pandemic. 2. Monitoring the most important forms of communication most commonly used in digital public relations in Egyptian universities among students and the role of these means in shaping their attitudes towards the Corona pandemic. 3. Identify the degree of students’ interaction with digital communication activities through public relations via social networking sites and websites, and evaluate their level of preference for these activities to raise awareness against the dangers of Corona. Research questions: First: Analytical study questions: 1. What is the quality of information provided for digital communication activities in Egyptian universities in terms of (university logo, university description, providing links to the university, language used, updating information) 2. What sources did digital communication activities in Egyptian universities rely on in dealing with the Corona pandemic? 3. What multiple artistic media did digital communication activities in Egyptian universities use to deal with the Corona pandemic?   Second: Field research questions: 1. To what degree do university students use digital communication activities in Egyptian universities? 2. How many times a day are university students exposed to digital communication activities to raise preventive awareness of the Corona pandemic? 3. What are the reasons for students’ interest in following digital communication activities in Egyptian universities during the Corona pandemic? 4. What are the most frequently presented communication activities used by the public relations department at universities during the Corona pandemic among the respondents? Study hypotheses: The first hypothesis: There are statistically significant differences between the extent to which respondents use digital communication activities in Egyptian universities and their demographic characteristics. The second hypothesis: There is a statistically significant correlation between the digital forms of communication most used in universities and the reasons for their reliance on them in dealing with the Corona pandemic. The third hypothesis: There is a statistically significant correlation between the reasons for relying on digital communication activities for the respondents and the degree of their exposure to these activities. Study type: This study falls under what are called descriptive studies that aim to depict, analyze and evaluate the characteristics of a particular group or situation with the aim of obtaining sufficient and accurate information without interfering in its causes or controlling it. It also aims to estimate the frequency of occurrence of a particular phenomenon and the extent of its connection to a group of other phenomena. Study Approach: This study relies mainly on the survey method, which is considered one of the most prominent methods used in the field of media studies and public opinion, because it is used in studying phenomena or research problems. Study Community: The study community is divided into two levels: 1- Analytical study community: includes the websites and Facebook of Egyptian universities. 2- Field study community: Egyptian university students.   The study sample: 1- The study was conducted on a sample of the websites and Facebook of Egyptian public universities (Cairo University and Zagazig University) and private ones (Badr University and Shorouk Higher Institute). 2- The field study sample included a random sample of students from Egyptian public and private universities. It consisted of 400 individuals who were selected according to their demographic characteristics (age, scientific specialization, gender), with 100 respondents for each of the universities chosen for the study sample. Information and data collection tools: 1. Content analysis tool: The content analysis form for websites in Egyptian universities was relied upon, through which main categories and subcategories were developed that answer the questions of the analytical study. 2. Questionnaire form: It was relied upon in order to obtain information and data related to the subject of the study. This questionnaire was divided into sub-axes that address sub-questions to answer the objectives and questions of the study. *Honesty test: The form was presented to a group of experts and arbitrators, including professors specialized in media, to express their opinions and suggestions about the form in terms of the suitability of the questions it included, and to ensure its linguistic integrity and the clarity of its expressions. The required modifications were made so that the form in its final form became suitable for measurement. *Stability test: - The researcher re-applied the questionnaire to a percentage of (10%) of the total sample items two weeks after applying the questionnaire, in order to verify consistency in answering the questionnaire questions by using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient to measure the overall degree of reliability in the first application, where the reliability reached (0.89). It is a high reliability value that indicates the effectiveness and validity of the scale. The theoretical framework of the study In its theoretical structure, this study relied on the following models: 1- Dialogical communication theory. 2- James Grunit and Hunt's models of public relations practice for the communication behavior of organizations. In 1984, James Grunit and Todd Hunt published a book entitled Public Relations. 3- The new media model 4- Media richness theory   Statistical processing of data: After completing the field study data collection, the data was coded and entered into the computer, then processed, analyzed, and statistical results were extracted using the “SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” program. The second chapter of the study included the cognitive framework, which includes public relations in universities, social networking sites and websites, public relations communication activities in universities, the Corona virus and the role of communication activities in universities in confronting it. The third chapter of the study includes the methodological steps of the analytical study and its results. The fourth chapter of the study included the results of the field study and the results of hypothesis testing.   General results of the study Results of the analytical study: 1- The results of the study indicate the multiple types of sources used by digital communication activities in universities in dealing with the Corona pandemic, as the use of (the university media center) came in first place with a percentage of (50%) of the total analysis sample, and in the second place was the use of pictures of statements ( officials) with a rate of (18.2%), then in third place came the use of (more than one source) in presenting information with a rate of (14.1%), followed in fourth place by the use of (the media) with a rate of (11.3%), and finally In fifth place was reliance on (the audience) with a percentage of (6.4%) of the total analysis sample for the study. 2- (Written text) was at the forefront of the artistic media used and means of displaying information on the official pages of digital communication activities for the Corona pandemic, with a percentage of (57.5%), and (images) came in second place with a percentage of (14.9%). In third place were (hyperlinks) with a rate of (10.4%), in fourth place was (info graphics) with a rate of (6.2%), then in fifth place were (videos) with a rate of (5.8%). 3- The study shows the diversity of topics presented on the official pages through the digital communication activities of universities during the analysis period, as (publications related to disseminating news and information about the Corona pandemic) came in first place with a percentage of (38.9%) of the total publications of communication activities, and most of them varied between Various news and information for the target audience through universities and their communication activities, and came in second place (services provided to the public about the symptoms and causes of the spread of the disease and pandemic) with a percentage of (19.6%), then came in third place (the most important means and methods of preventing and getting rid of the disease) with a percentage of ( 14.4%), then it came in fourth place among the topics (how to implement and implement home isolation and social distancing procedures) with a rate of (9.9%). 4- The study indicates that the goal of (disseminating university news about the Corona pandemic) came at the top of the goals with a percentage of (26.5%), then the goal of (introducing the health services provided by the university) to spread the Corona pandemic came in second place with a percentage of (19.5%). Then (presenting and providing information) about the Corona pandemic came in third place, with a percentage of (14.1%) of the total publications on communication activities in the study sample, then the goal of (continuous communication with students, knowing the opinions and needs of the students targeted for communication activities) came in fourth place. By (9.8%).   5- The study showed that (media content) was at the forefront of the content provided in the communication activities of the official pages of universities regarding the Corona pandemic with a rate of (30.4%), followed in second place by services for beneficiaries (students) with a rate of (26.9%), then came In third place were (comments and statements by officials) with a rate of (16.3%), and in fourth place were (links to what was published in the media) with a rate of (11.5%). 6- The (supportive trend) came at the forefront of the trends presented through the digital communication activities of Egyptian universities towards the Corona pandemic, with a rate of (60.5%), then (neutral) came in second place, with a rate of (24.9%), and finally it came (Opponents) ranked third with a rate of (8.5%). 7- (Information on how to prevent disease or pandemic) came at the forefront of the services provided by communication activities through the official pages of the universities’ website out of the total activities of the study sample, followed in second place by (information on the symptoms and causes of the Corona pandemic) with a percentage of (22.9%). Then in third place was (calling the hotline) with a rate of (11.3%), then in fourth place was (the most frequently asked questions) with a rate of (8.6%). 8- The study shows that (like) is at the forefront of forms of interaction in the content presented through communication activities in the analysis sample of the official pages of Egyptian universities regarding the Corona pandemic by (34.8%), then (comment) came in second place in the analysis sample of digital communication activities by ( 23.8%), in third place was (e-mail) with a rate of (9.9%), and in fourth place was (downloading files) with a rate of (8.5%). 9- The study indicates the superiority of the method (providing a free service) at the forefront of emotional appeals used in the information provided for digital communication activities in universities regarding the Corona pandemic out of the analysis sample by (25.1%). As for intimidation appeals, the method (health risks) came in first place. ) by (13.1%). Results of the field study and hypothesis tests: 1- The results of the study confirmed that university students use digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in universities. A percentage of (61%) of the students in the study sample used digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities (sometimes), and a percentage of (33%) of them used communication activities (always). ), while 6% of them (rarely) use digital communication activities.   2- The results of the number of times they are exposed to digital communication activities per day in relation to the number of times they are exposed to the digital communication activities provided by the university for preventive awareness of the Corona pandemic indicated that a percentage of (55%) of the students in the study sample are exposed to digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities (once One), and that (33%) of them are exposed to communication activities (2-3 times), while (12%) of them are exposed (more than 3 times) to digital communication activities. 3- The results indicated the reasons for the respondents’ interest in following up on digital communication activities. Follow-up of digital communication activities in Egyptian universities during the Corona crisis. A percentage of (40.3%) of the study sample members are interested in following up on digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities (to learn about how to deal with the virus and prevention). Of which, a percentage (27.2%) of them are interested in following up on communication activities (to learn about the most important methods of health awareness about the risks of contracting the disease), and a percentage of (26%) are interested in following up on communication activities (to learn about how to deal with the disease). 4- There are no statistically significant differences between the opinions of male and female students in the study sample regarding the reasons for their interest in following up on digital communication activities in Egyptian universities during the Corona pandemic. 5- There are statistically significant differences between the opinions of students from the study sample in theoretical and practical colleges about the reasons for their interest in following up on digital communication activities in Egyptian universities during the Corona pandemic. 6- The results indicated that most of the communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona pandemic were that a percentage of (34.8%) of the study sample members were interested in following up on digital communication activities through (social media channels). A percentage of (26.5%) of them were interested in following up on communication activities through... Through (university websites), a percentage of (7.2%) are interested in following up on communication activities through (publishing through various media). 7- There are no statistically significant differences between the opinions of male and female students in the study sample about most digital communication activities in Egyptian universities during the Corona pandemic. 8- With regard to the most common communication activities that were used in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona Hunger, according to the type of specialization, the value of (K2) is not statistically significant in all activities, with the exception of (electronic publications “brochures, brochures, and flyers”), which indicates that there are no differences. Statistically significant among the opinions of the students in the study sample.   9- The results showed that the forms of awareness used among the communication activities in the Public Relations Department are that a percentage of (34.6%) of the students in the study sample prefer to use (awareness videos), and that a percentage of (24.1%) of them use (lectures and seminars), and that a percentage of (13.8%) ) They prefer to use (images), while the rest of the percentages were distributed among the other forms of awareness used by communication activities. 10- There are no statistically significant differences between the opinions of male and female students in the study sample regarding the forms of awareness that were used from the communication activities of the Public Relations Department through its electronic services in confronting the Corona virus. 11- With regard to the forms of awareness that were used from the communication activities of the Public Relations Department through its electronic services in confronting the Corona virus, according to the type of specialization, the value of (K2) is not statistically significant in all activities, with the exception of (lectures and seminars), (and awareness texts), which indicates There are no statistically significant differences between the opinions of the study sample, students of theoretical colleges and practical colleges, regarding the forms of awareness used by communication activities. 12- With regard to some statements that measure the positives provided by the digital communication activities of the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona crisis, “Eagerness to disseminate information about the places where the virus is spreading” ranked first with an average score of (4.26), and came in second place ( Focusing on disseminating prevention methods and identifying hospitals equipped for treatment) with a arithmetical average of (4.23), and in third place (the contribution of communication activities in providing information explaining the symptoms of the disease and how to deal with the Corona hungry) with a arithmetical average of (4.21). 13- With regard to some of the negatives presented by digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona crisis, (publishing news of infected celebrities and how to deal with their health condition) ranked first with an arithmetic average of (3.65), and came in second place ( Communication activities contributed to spreading rumors about hunger (with a mean of (3.64), and in third place (failing to publish complete facts about the numbers of infected and dead people) with a mean of (3.54).   14- The results confirmed with regard to some statements that emphasize the importance of using digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona crisis, that (the use of communication activities contributes to the rapid access of information to students) ranked first with an arithmetic average of (4.42), and it came. In second place is (activating the continuous use of communication activities contributes to treating Corona hunger) with an arithmetic average of (3.99). 15- Regarding some of the tasks carried out by digital communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona Hunger period, the task (Digital communication activities spread the health culture towards hungry students) ranked first with an arithmetic average of (4.32), and came in first place. The second (digital communication activities in public relations provided some awareness campaigns that are reviewed) with an arithmetic average of (3.96), and in third place are those interested (ensuring the veracity of the information provided to the hungry through public relations and using it for communication activities), (the public relations department provided information about... Dealing with illness and how to isolate at home) with a mean of (3.93). 16- The results indicated that the reasons for their confidence in communication activities. With regard to the reasons for their confidence in communication activities in the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities during the Corona crisis, a percentage of (23.9%) of the students in the study sample have confidence in communication activities (because they depend on honesty in providing information about the disease. And its symptoms), and a percentage of (13.9%) of them trust communication activities because they (provide information about the hungry person from reliable sources). 17- With regard to the opinions of male students, they were in the direction of (contributing to a moderate degree), and the opinions of female students in both theoretical and practical faculties were in the direction of (contributing to a moderate degree) as well. 18- With regard to some of the topics to which the communication activities of the Public Relations Department in Egyptian universities contributed during the Corona crisis, (always washing hands with soap and water) ranked first with an arithmetic average of (2.62), and (not mixing with those infected with the disease) came in second place with an average My calculation is (2.58), and in third place are (the importance of home isolation when infected with the disease so that the infection does not spread to people), (always being careful to wear a mask every four hours), and (following precautionary instructions) with a mathematical average of (2.53).   19- The results confirmed the validity of the first hypothesis of this study, which states that (there are statistically significant differences between the extent to which respondents use digital communication activities in Egyptian universities and their demographic characteristics). 20- The results concluded that what validates the second hypothesis of this study, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the most widely used digital forms of communication in Egyptian universities and the reasons for their reliance on it in dealing with the Corona pandemic). 21- The results indicated the validity of the third hypothesis of this study, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the reasons for relying on digital communication activities for the respondents and the degree of their exposure to these activities). 22- The fourth hypothesis of this study was partially validated, which states that (there are statistically significant differences between the advantages of the respondents’ reliance on digital communication activities in Egyptian universities and their demographic characteristics). 23- The fifth hypothesis of this study was verified, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the reasons for the respondents’ reliance on digital communication activities and the type of topics that increase their awareness in dealing with the Corona pandemic). 24- The sixth hypothesis of this study was verified, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the degree of respondents’ reliance on digital communication activities and the functions they achieve for the respondents towards their audience to deal with the Corona pandemic). 25- The seventh hypothesis of this study was verified, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the degree of exposure to digital communication activities and the extent of the continuation of these activities in the field of awareness for the respondents). 26- The results confirmed the invalidity of the eighth hypothesis, which does not verify the validity of the eighth hypothesis of this study, which states that (there are statistically significant differences between the reasons for the respondents’ confidence in digital communication activities and the reasons for the respondents’ interest in pursuing these activities). 27- This verifies the validity of the ninth hypothesis of this study, which states that (there is a statistically significant correlation between the extent to which digital communication activities contribute to confronting the Corona crisis and the degree of their confidence in these activities). 28- The tenth hypothesis was validated, which states that (there are statistically significant differences between the type of topics learned through digital communication activities in Egyptian universities to deal with the Corona pandemic and their demographic characteristics).   قائمة المراجع والمصادر:- أولا: الكتب العربية: 1. إبراهيم عبدالله المسلمي، (2008) "مناهج البحث في الدراسات الإعلامية"، ط1 (القاهرة: دار الفكر العربي). 2. أسما حسين حافظ، (2010) "منهجية بحوث الاعلام والعلاقات العامة في ضوء الاتجاهات العلمية الحديثة" (القاهرة: دار الثقافة للنشر والتوزيع). 3. جمال مجاهد، (2006)" مدخل إلى الاتصال الجماهيري والعلاقات العامة" (الإسكندرية: دار المعرفة الجامعية). 4. حسنين شفيق (2013)" التدريب الاعلامي عبر الإنترنت"، ط1( القاهرة: دار فكر للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع ). 5. حسنين شفيق،(2010) "الإعلام الجديد: الإعلام البديل وتكنولوجيا جديدة في عصر ما بعد التفاعلية "(بغداد: دار الفكر للنشر والطباعة). 6. خالد غسان يوسف(2013)" ثورة الشبكات الاجتماعية"،( عمان: دار النقاش للنشر والتوزيع). 7. خيرت معوض عياد (2017)" العلاقات العامة والاتصال المؤسسي عبر الإنترنت" ط 2 ،(القاهرة : الدار المصرية اللبنانية) 8. سارة احمد عكور، (2015)" الأنشطة الاتصالية للعلاقات العامة في البنوك الأردنية" ،(عمان: دار زمزم للنشر والتوزيع). 9. سامي طايع،(2012) "بحوث الاعلام"، ط1 ، (القاهرة: دار النهضة العربية). 10. شدوان علي شيبة، (2009) "العلاقات العامة بين النظرية والتطبيق"،( الإسكندرية :دار المعرفة الجامعية). 11. شريف درويش اللبان .(2011)"مداخلات في الاعلام البديل والنشر الالكتروني على الانترنت"،(القاهرة دار العالم العربي). الدراسات العربية غير المنشورة: 1. أحمد صالح علي(2018)، فاعلية الانشطة الاتصالية للعلاقات العامة في تطوير أداء شركات التأمين، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، جامعة أم درمان الإسلامية، السودان. 2. ايمان يونس( 2011) ، أتصالات الكلمه الالكترونيه عبر موقع الشبكات الاجتماعية ودورها في المشاركة السياسيه للشباب دراسه تطبيقيه على انتخابات رئاسة الجمهوريه في مصر رساله ماجستير غير منشورة ، كليه التجارة جامعه المنصورة. 3. جهاد عبد اللطيف عبد الرازق، (2018)، الأنشطة الاتصالية لمؤسسات التعليم الجامعي ودورها في تنمية الثقافة السياسية لطلابها، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، جامعة المنصورة، كلية الآداب، قسم الإعلام. 4. حمد أحمد الرشيدي، (2016) دور العلاقات العامة في تعزيز مهارات العاملين في الجامعة، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الأردن، عمان، جامعة الشرق الأوسط. 5. حمزة الزيادنة (2015) دور العلاقات العامة في تحقيق اهداف مؤسسات التعليم الجامعي، دراسة لاستخدام التكنولوجيا في الجامعات الأردنية الخاصة، رسالة دكتوراة غير منشورة ، جامعة أم درمان الإسلامية. 6. حمزة محمد الزياد، (2017)دور العلاقات العامة والإعلام في تحقيق أهداف مؤسسات التعليم العالي، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، عمان، جامعة الشرق الأوسط للدراسات العليا. 7. حمزة محمد القاضي، (2015)استخدامات إدارات العلاقات العامة للإنترنت في التواصل مع جماهيرها: دراسة تطبيقية على إدارات العلاقات العامة بالجامعات السعودية، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة، الرياض، جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود، كلية الإعلام. 8. حنان إبراهيم حمام، (2019) دور الأنشطة الاتصالية في تشكيل اتجاهات الجمهور نحو مؤسسات التعليم الجامعي دراسة تطبيقية على جامعة الملك عبدالعزيز، رسالة ماجستير غير منشورة ، جامعة الملك عبدالعزيز، كلية الاتصال والاعلام، جدة. الدراسات العربية التى قدمت في مؤتمرات ودوريات علمية: 1. احمد فاروق رضوان 2012) استخدم الموقع الالكتروني للمنظمة في دعم اتصالات المسؤولية الاجتماعية . دولة الامارات نموذجا . المجلة العربية لبحوث الاعلام والاتصال عدد13. 2. احمد محمدين ،(2019) اتجاهات طلاب جامعة البتراء نحو الأنشطة الاتصالية التيتنظمها الجامعة ، (دراسة ميدانية) مجلة العربي للدراسات الإعلامية، عمان، جامعة البتراء ، العدد(٢). 3. احمد محمود،(2020) دور الصحف الالكترونية المصرية في توعية الجمهور بالمخاطر المجتمعية لجائحة كورونا ، دراسة ميدانية ، مجلة البحوث الإعلامية، جامعة الازهر، كلية الاعلام، العدد١٥٥. 4. ارام ابو عبادة ،(2015)،،توظيف التقنيات الحديثة في مجال العلاقات العامة: دراسة وصفية. مجلة بحوث العلاقات العامة الشرق الاوسط ، ع9. 5. حسن عبدالهادي،(2018) المهارات الاتصالية عند ممارسي العلاقات العامة واثرها في تفعيل الأنشطة الجامعية، جامعة بغداد نموذجا، مجلة كلية الادب، جامعة عين شمس، العدد(٤٦). 6. خيرت معوض عياد، (1430)المسئولية الاجتماعية للعلاقات العامة عبر الإنترنت، مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم الإنسانية والاجتماعية (جامعة الشارقة، كلية الاتصال، المجلد 6، العدد 3. 7. الإخبارية لازمة كورونا العالمية دراسة ميدانية، مجلة الدراسات الإعلامية، عمان، العدد(١١) . مواقع الانترنت التى تم الاستعانة بها: 1. اليونيسيف،(2020)، الدليل الإرشادي للوقاية من فيروس كورونا كوفيد 19 للعاملين في المجال التوعوي الصحي: https://www.unicef.org/yemen/media/4221/file/Coronavirus%20Training%20Guide%20HR%20Printable.pdf 2. تقرير الاعلام الاجتماعي واقع الاعلام الاجتماعي في العالم العربي – عامان بعد الحراك الشعبي والامارات العربية المتحدة كليه دبي للإدارة الحكومية 2018 available on www.arabsocialmediareport.com 3. جمال على الدهشان،(2020)، دور الجامعات في مواجهة كورونا في ظل سياسة التعايش معه https://www.worldofculture2020.com/?p=24040 4. وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي المصرية، مواجهة أزمة انتشار فيروس كورونا المستجد في ضوء خطة الدولة. http://portal.mohesr.gov.eg/ar -eg/Pages/covid19 5. وزارة الصحة والسكان المصرية، (2020)، الدليل الإرشادي للوقاية من العدوى التنفسية في الجامعات المصرية، القاهرة. https://egcovac.mohp.gov.eg / 6. ويكيبيديا (2020 )، فيروس كورونا. المراجع باللغة الأجنبية:- 1. Alasdair smith,(2018) “the advantages & disadvantages of social networking for job hunting” https://work.chron.com/. 2. Anumatera tatchaki, phongphat (2008) percepition of the university presidentc and public relation officers ofunivercity in private unavercity in Thailand,ph.D University of Pittsburg.u.s 3. Bernard J Kate sobel & chowdury abdur.(2009) twitter power : tweets as electronle word of moth ,in Journal of the American so ciety for inf or mation science and technology vol 60 no 11 p217 4. Beverly, Jason Antwuan.(2015).Public relations models and dialogic communication in the Twitter verse: An analysis of how colleges and universities are engaging their public through Twitter. Ph.D. Thesis, Southern Mississippi University, United State Birmingham 5. Bittle , R.G.(2014), Improving parent-teacher communication through recorded telephone messages . The journal of educational research , Vol. 69 No.(3), pp.87-95.doi:10.1080/00220671.1975.10884840. 6. BiTTle, R.G. (2014), improving Parment. Teacher communication Through Recorded Telephone Messages L. The Journal of Educational Research. London, Emglond publishing. P. 870 Bramlett, Rebecca Brick (2015)، Using Social media from Public Relation higher Education, A case study, Master Thesis.: North Carolina State Uni