Abstract: |
SUMMARY
This work depended on different anatomical procedures of the respiratory system of the goat that were presented by different techniques including wet specimens, bones and cast, plastination, ultrasonography, radiograph (X-ray), cross sections and CT, labeled diagrams and computer CD. The response of the students to these recent techniques was evaluated by a survey containing several points. The present study was carried out on eighteen apparently healthy adult goats.
The eighteen clinically healthy goats were distributed as the following:
Three goats for wet specimens, one goat for bones and cast, four goats for plastination, four goats for ultrasonography, four goats for radiograph (X-ray) and two goats for computed tomography (CT).
Twenty-four heads of freshly slaughtered goats were used to prepare the specimens of nostrils, nasal cartilages, nasal cavity and cartilages, muscles of larynx and preparation of 15 cross-sections of through the heads of the goat.
Ten fresh lungs specimens connected with trachea were used to explain the external feature of the lungs and trachea and eight fresh lungs of goat were injected with cast material to prepare casts of the bronchial tree, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins.
Four specimens of the thorax of the goat used to prepare and study the contents the cranial, middle and caudal mediastinum, thoracic wall and ten cross sections of the thoracic cavity.
Six skulls were used to study the paranasal sinuses and their extensions and the bones of the nasal cavity.
Diagrams were designed to illustrate the various ligaments and joints of the larynx. Anatomical charts were designed for plates of various parts of the respiratory system in goat. A computer program for the respiratory system of the goat was designed according to Adobe flash player version 11. The program contained several images with their declarations to facilitate the learning process.
The study included following:
٭ Museum and wet specimens included specimens of respiratory organs of the goat (nostrils, nasal cavity and its contents, larynx, its cartilages and muscles, trachea and its relations to, lung as well as the muscles of the thoracic wall.
٭A study of bone and cast templates as well as lungs of goats to clarify the ramifications of the trachea, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins. The study of the thoracic cage including ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae as well as the bones surrounding the nasal cavity were also performed.
٭Using of plastination technique in preserving the parts of the respiratory tract in goat. In this work the tools, methods and techniques were conducted and demonstrated. Plastination technique produced several specimens of the respiratory organs of the goat such as nostrils, nasal cavity and its contents, trachea and its relations as well as the lungs. Many images of plastinated specimens were displayed in this work. The present study explained the increased awareness of using plastination as a method of preservation and a more helpful clean and dry tool used in teaching more safe and preferable than formalin (wet) specimens, being non toxic and harmless to human and environment.
٭Ultrasonography of the lung was difficult to study, as the lung tissue could not be penetrated by ultrasound waves. This large amplitude echo was appeared on the ultrasonographic screen as a straight hyperechoic line representing the periphery of the lung. The cartilaginous structures (eg, the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and tracheal rings) were hypoechoic in appearance.
٭X-ray study was performed, showing parts of the upper respiratory tract, especially the bones surrounding the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses as well. It was also picking up a bunch of pictures of the X-ray of the neck showing the trachea and larynx. Also, it compiled a set of radiological images to the thoracic area and showed the bones forming thoracic cage and tracheal bifurcation. The effectiveness of this work of teaching radiographic anatomy was identified for the natural anatomical structures for students.
٭Cross-sectional anatomy and computed tomography of the head and thorax of goat were compared. This part included several successive images with its declaration of the upper respiratory system (nostrils and nasal cavity and its contents). Also, several successive images of the cranial, middle and caudal mediastinum were taken in this part of the study.
٭An educational program had been designed by personal computer (PC), according to adobe flash version 11. It included most of the results and various images of the respiratory system of goat for some samples with declaration and explanation in order to facilitate the learning process. The program was in its final form multimedia and interesting to the user.
٭A survey on two hundred students from freshmen and second year students and ten post graduated students Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt was involved in the descriptive survey of this work.
1-1st survey was applied on two hundred students to compare between plastination specimens in comparison with traditional specimens.
2- 2nd survey was applied on 10 post graduated students to compare between plastinated specimens and formalinized specimens.
3- 3rd survey was applied for comparison between self directed learning techniques with traditional methods of learning.
The results revealed that 90 % of the freshmen year students and 92% of the second year students recommended plastination as an additional method of teaching. 91 % of the freshmen year students and 93% of the second year students recommended recent teaching techniques as an additional method of teaching.
The obtained results were discussed with that presented in the previous articles concerned with this field of study.
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