Summary This study was carried out on three private dairy farms at Sharkeya province in addition to individual cases belonged to the peasants at Hehia city and some villages . This work included three experiment: I- First experiment : Reproductive traits of Egyptian buffaloes cows. In this experiment three private specialised dairy farms were monitored in addition to 100 individual cases belonged to the peasants at Hehia city and some villages for collecting the data to explain the main causes of infertility problem in Egyptian dairy buffaloes in relation to management system. The obtained results could be summarized as the following: 1-There was a non significance variation in age at first oestrous, insemination, first calving and calving interval between specialised dairy farms and village system although, these results were higher at specialised dairy farms with intensive management compared with village systems(P  0.05). 2- The time of post partum oestrous, conception and insemination times improved with specialised dairy farms than village system and the difference was highly significance. As the dairy buffaloes reared at specialised dairy farms came to post partum oestrous and insemination faster than those reared at village system. 3-There was a highly significant difference (P  0.05) in the calf body weight (kg) and milk yield (kg/week) between specialised dairy farms and village system, as the highest calf body weight and higher milk yield were at specialised dairy farms. This may attributed to the proper formulated ration at specialised dairy farms, as well as, the proper management system in comparison with village system. 4- There were a positive correlation coefficient between the age at first oestrous, insemination, first calving and the post partum reproductive performance while there were a negative correlation coefficient between the age at first calving and productive performance (calf body weight(kg) and milk yield (kg/week)) at specialised dairy farms while was positive correlation coefficient at village system. 5- There were a negative correlation coefficient between the number of birth and the age at first oestrous, insemination and first calving at village system. 6-There were a highly significance variation at age of first oestrous, insemination, first calving, number of birth and calving interval between free buffaloes and tethered ones. The obtained results indicate that the free buffaloes came to first oestrous, insemination and at first calving faster than tethered buffaloes (P  0.05). 7- There was a non significance variation in postpartum oestrous, insemination times and calving interval between free buffaloes and tethered ones while a highly significance difference in post partum conception between free buffaloes and tethered. As, free buffaloes concepted post partum faster than tethered ones . 8- There was a non significance variation in calf body weight (kg) between free buffaloes and tethered ones while a highly significance difference in milk yield kg/week as it improved with free buffaloes. 9- There were a negative correlation coefficient between the age at first oestrous and calving interval at free buffaloes. While there were a positive correlation coefficient between age at first oestrous and post partum oestrous and conception. 10- There were a positive correlation coefficient between the age at first oestrous and post partum oestrous while a negative correlation coefficient with post partum conception, insemination times at tethered buffaloes. 11- The percentage of fertile animals was improved with specialised dairy farms than in village system as 70% in farms vs 40% at village systems and the infertility problems ( silent heat and anoestroum) were decreased with specialised dairy farms as 5% and 25% vs 10% and 50% respectively at village system. 12- The fertility percentage was increased with free buffaloes 80% vs 60% at tethered buffaloes and the silent heat was completely absent with free buffaloes and increase with tethered ones. 13- The minimum age at first oestrous were 15.00, 18.00,24.00 months at free buffaloes, village system and tethered buffaloes respectively while the minimum age at first calving were 27.00,30.00 and 34.00 month at free buffaloes, village system and tethered buffaloes respectively. 14- The maximum milk yield (kg/ week) were 48.00, 64.00 and 90.00 kg/ week at village system , tethered buffaloes and free buffaloes, closed house and respectively. 15- The minimum days of post partum conception were 35.00, 60.00 and 70.00 day at free buffaloes, village system and tethered buffaloes respectively. 16- There was a non significance variation in calving interval (month) between post partum concepted animal and anoestroum animal at free buffaloes and tethered ones while a highly significant at village system. II-Second experiment: Effect of Management system on behaviour and performance of Egyptian buffaloes. This study was designed to investigate the effect of management system on some behavioural activities and productive performance of the dairy buffaloes in Egypt. The obtained results could be summarized as the following: 1- The mean eating, drinking and rumination (time and frequency) were higher in free buffaloes than tethered buffaloes and the difference was significant (P  0.05). 2- The mean standing time was higher in tethered buffaloes than free ones and the difference was significant (P  0.05). 3- The mean resting and sleeping behaviour were higher in free buffaloes than tethered ones. 4- There were a non significance difference in grooming and aggressive behaviour between free buffaloes and tethered ones. although, the aggressive behaviour was higher at tethered than free buffaloes. 5- The blood buffaloes cortisol level was increased with free buffaloes management than tethered management (0.33+ 0.12 ug/dl vs 0.29+ 0.01 ug/dl due to physiological stress caused by tying frustration. 6- There was no significance variation in luteinizing hormone concentration of female buffaloes blood serum between free and tethered buffaloes (0.52 + 0.01 mIu/ml vs 0.51 + 0.01mIu/ml) respectively. III-Third experiment: Behavioural, productive and hormonal responses of buffaloes cows in relation to reproductive status. The investigation was carried out on 30 females dairy buffaloes which were reared at some peasant producers at Hehia city, to investigate the effect of reproductive status on some behavioural activities, productive performance and hormonal responses of the dairy buffaloes in Egypt. The obtained results could be summarized as the following: 1- The mean eating, rumination time and frequency were higher at normal buffaloes and buffaloes suffered from anoestroum and decreased with buffaloes suffered from silent heat. The difference was significant(P0.05). . 2-The mean standing time and frequency were increased with buffaloes suffered from silent heat while the resting and sleeping time and frequency were increased with normal buffaloes and buffaloes suffered from anoestroum. The difference was significant (P  0.05). 3-There were a non significance difference in self -grooming and aggressive behaviour between different groups in relation to reproductive status, although the mutual grooming was increased with buffaloes suffered from silent heat. 4- The amount of milk yield kg/day and milk rate were decreased with buffaloes suffered from silent heat and anoestroum in comparison with normal buffaloes. 5- Serum progesterone level ( ng/ml ) at 7th day of oestrous was at highest level at normal oestrous buffaloes and at lowest level at buffaloes suffered from silent heat and anoestroum, although the hormone level was relatively increased with silent heat than anoestrum ones. As, well as, the serum progesterone level (ng/ml) was increased gradually with advanced days of oestrous to reach the maximum concentration at 17th day of oestrous at normal oestrous buffaloes and buffaloes suffered from silent heat while still at lowest level at anoestroum ones as following ( 4.73+ 0.65, 2.63+0.84 and 0.55+0.30 ng/ml) respectively. 6- The level of serum prolactin hormone (ng/ml) was at highest level at buffaloes suffered anoestroum and at lowest level at normal oestrous buffaloes and other suffered from silent heat as following( 3.81+0.58,0.51+ 0.25 and 0.89+0.15 ng/ml) respectively.