Although using fossil fuels in energy sector have been led to economic growth in different fields, it caused an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, in consequence, global warming, and climate change. The biomass use is essential for energy production and enevironment protection. Studies on biomass residues, biomass energy and environmental impacts of straw to energy chain in Egypt as a case study were reviewed in this chapter. The studies showed that a significant amount of biomass wastes from the main sources agricultural, municipal solid wastes, animal and sewage sludge, with a total energy potential of 416.9 PJ. The annual dry biomass wastes amount from crop residues is about 12.33 million tons, and 63.75% of these residues are generated from rice straw. Thus, the use of rice straw as a renewable fuel for energy generation could reduce fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, and air pollution caused by open burning. Direct combustion recorded the highest technique for energy recovery from rice straw. Water washing of rice straw as a pretreatment method resulted in a reduction of undesirable inorganic compounds related to ash problems in consequence, improving the combustion behavior. On the other hand, anaerobic co-digestion of rice straw with sewage sludge showed a significant increase in the energy (six times) that could be obtained from solo sludge. The environmental impacts study indicated the largest share of the total energy consumed and GHG emissions was dut to paddy production and transportation, respectively. The annual energy potential from power plant and anaerobic digestion plant was estimated with 4193 GWh electricity and 25647 TJ of biogas energy, respectively. Thus, the use of rice straw as an energy source helps in reducing the fossil fuel consumption and air pollution caused by open burning with about 3 Mt CO2-eq of GHG emissions.