This study aimed to investigate the impact of capital structure decisions on the performance of Egyptian listed companies, in an attempt to demonstrate an understanding the financing effects of capital structure decisions on the performance of these companies, especially in light of the scarcity of previous studies that have been subjected to study of this relationship in the Egyptian environment. To achieve this goal, this study was relied on a sample of 130 listed non-financial Egyptian companies, with 380 firm-year observations, between 2013 and 2015. The study used three performance measures (including return on assets adjusted by discretionary accruals, return on equity adjusted by discretionary accruals, and Tobin's Q ratio) as a dependent variable, and four financial leverage measures (including short term debt to total assets, long term debt to total assets, total debt to total assets, and long term debt to total capital) as independent variable. Firm size, board size, board independence, managerial ownership, and institutional ownership are control variables. By using multiple linear regression analysis, the results of this study provide empirical evidence that capital structure decisions are one of the important determinants of Egyptian listed companies’ performance.