Bacteriophages to Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Infection of Dental Root Canals

Faculty Science Year: 2021
Type of Publication: ZU Hosted Pages: 517
Authors:
Journal: microoganisms MPDI Volume:
Keywords : Bacteriophages , Control Multi-Drug Resistant Enterococcus faecalis    
Abstract:
. faecalis has become one of the most challenging bacteria to be eradicated in the past few decades. This bacterium possesses exceptional surviving abilities and can persist in extreme conditions such as the gut and root canal system as a result of its ability to withstand an alkaline milieu and glucose starvation. In dentistry, E. faecalis is one of the main bacteria associated with chronic apical periodontitis in failed root canal treatments. We collected 150 clinical samples from patients admitted to the endodontic clinic at the faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Egypt, after the approval of Ethics Committee of the University, and a written informed consent was obtained from the patients after explanation of the study procedure. A total of twenty (13.3%) E. faecalis isolates were collected. Identification was confirmed using API 20 strep strip systems, VITEK 2 system and PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene. The survey results of six virulence genes in E. faecalis revealed that the presence of the gene that encode collagen binding protein (ace), gene that encode aggregation substances protein (asa1), gene that encode gelatinase (gelE), while the genes that encode cytolysin antigen (cyl A), surface antigen (EF3314) and surface protein (esp) were not present. The bacterial isolates were tested for their susceptibilities to 13 antibiotics prescribed in human medicine. This study indicated that E. faecalis isolated from root canal infections were resistant to multiple antibiotics. For example, EF 2 is resistant to 10 out of 13 antibiotics (77%), while EF 5 is resistant to 9 out of 13 antibiotics (69%). Two lytic bacteriophages were isolated and designated as (vB_φZEFP1&vB_φZEFP2). Gel electrophoresis of the genomic DNAs of vB_φZEFP1 and vB_φZEFP2 indicated the phages to be of a similar size of approximately 18 kb with similar size products generated upon HindIII restriction endonuclease digestion. DNA sequencing of the vB_φZEFP phage DNAs enabled de novo assembly and accurate size determination of linear genomes of 18,454 bp for vB_φZEFP1 (Genbank accession MT747434) and 18,477 for vB_φZEFP1 (Genbank accession MT757399) with G + C contents of 32.8%. The genome sequences assembled differed at their termini but internally by just two base substitutions. BlastN searches of the non-redundant database at NCBI revealed the phage genomes to exhibit 86-92% nucleotide identity with a group of enterococcal phages classified in the family Podoviridae, subfamily Picovirinae. The genome sequences contained 28 open reading frames, of which 15 could be ascribed putative functions on the basis of BLASTP, Phaster and HHPred database searches whilst 13 remained as hypothetical proteins. Full genome sequencing of isolated phages indicated that they are lytic bacteriophages specific to E. faecalis. Sequencing of the prophage Ef-vB1 DNA enabled de novo assembly determination of a circular permuted genome. . The lytic activity of these phages against E. faecalis biofilms showed that these phages were able to control the growth of E. faecalis in vitro. Phages (vB_φZEFP1&vB_φZEFP2) can also prevent ex vivo E. faecalis root canal infection. These results suggest that these phages have a high potential for phage applications and might be efficacious to prevent infections after root canal treatments.
   
     
 
       

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