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Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
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Potato is considered a nitrogen (N) intensive plant with a low N use effciency (NUE). The current study
introduced an excellent approach by combining dicyandiamide (DCD), moringa seed oil (MSO), or zeolite (ZE),
with N fertilizer for maximizing potato tuber yields and NUE as well as minimizing tubers nitrate (NO3 − ) accumulation. The impact of these materials on soil N availability and gaseous emissions (NH3, and N2O) was
investigated under incubation conditions. A 2-year feld experiment were carried out with seven treatments
[without N (control), N fertilizer (350 kg N-urea ha− 1 as a recommended dose; UreaRD), 75% of N recommended
dose with DCD (Urea75%RD+DCD), Urea75%RD with 2% MSO (Urea75%RD+MSO2%), Urea75%RD with 4% MSO
(Urea75%RD+MSO4%), Urea75%RD with 0.5 Mg ZE ha− 1 (Urea75%RD+ZER1), and Urea75%RD with 1.0 Mg ZE ha− 1
(Urea 75%RD+ZER2)]. We also conducted a 40-days incubation trial with the same treatments; however, urea was
added at the rate of 200 mg N kg− 1 soil for all treatments, excluding the control. The addition of DCD, MSO, and
ZE with urea under incubation conditions delayed the nitrifcation process, thereby causing a rise in NH4 +-N
content and a decrease in NO3 − -N content. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was inhibited (p ≤ 0.01) in
treatments Urea+DCD, Urea+MSO4%, and Urea+ZER2. The highest NUE indexes were recorded in treatment
Urea75%RD+DCD. The highest NO3 - accumulation (567 mg NO3 − kg− 1) in potato tubers was recorded in treatment
UreaRD. Whilest, the lowest NO3 - content (81 mg NO3 − kg− 1) was in treatment Urea75%RD+DCD. The lowest cumulative N2O emissions and highest cumulative NH3 volatilization were observed in the treatment Urea+DCD
under incubation conditions. Our fndings demonstrated that N fertilizer rate could be reduced by 25%, while the
tuber yields increased with an acceptable limit of NO3 − content, resulting in economical, agronomical, and
environmental benefts.
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