Water resources are the basic elements of life, and they are considered as the best way for durable management in any country worldwide. The increasing demand of water for drinking, irrigation of agricultural crops, and industry needs is the first inquiry of the Algerian authority. The major challenges of constant water supply are related mainly to spatiotemporal water availability and water quality. In water resources management, water quality plays a key role as important as that of water quantity. The Algerian authority faced serious problems in managing its water resources; however, academics and specialized engineers enlightened the road with integrated solutions for policymakers to tackle these issues and make the right decisions to achieve the sustainable management of these life resources. This book of water resources in Algeria discusses the situation of water resources in this country by assembling an interesting number of works from different specialized Algerian researchers. With the aim to support the sustainable development in Algeria as an arid country in the MENA region, the chapters detail information about the current status of water resources in Algeria including hydrological investigations of surface water and groundwater, the impact of climate change on water resources, characterization of groundwater aquifers, and the assessment and management of water resources. Some chapters focused on surface and groundwater quality assessment using tools and techniques that can sustain the management of water/soil resources in the arid zones of Algeria. This book serves as a tool, long-awaited and mostly needed, for scientists and readers of miscellaneous disciplines related to water resources. The book is more helpful to the readership that seeks to obtain a clear grasp of key principles and concepts as well as applied and case studies on hydrogeology and water resources management. The authors of the chapters explained the principal methods used for the optimum utilization of water resources with regard to their quality and spatiotemporal availability, the theoretical predictions of some hydrological phenomena, the available tools for hydrological modeling, and water resources protection against deterioration through the mitigation of harmful agents/effects of water and thus ensuring the well-being of human communities and their environment. The authors share their vision about sustainable water management activities, as well as recent advances, directions for future research, which should be at the same time, the challenges of ensuring adequate water supply, and optimal allocation of different uses that are compounded by changes in climate, land use, and demography. Accordingly, this book represents a unique piece and a reference of interest to students, scientists, engineers, policy- and decision-makers, and water resource managers. The book includes several tools that can be generated to understand similar problems threatening water resources in North Africa, the Middle East, the Mediterranean basin, or in other regions having similar climatic and/or geographical features as Algeria. Based on the subjects treated and discussed in the different chapters, this book will be of interest to a large scientific community in Algeria and in other countries. Therefore, the book titled “Water Resources in Algeria: Assessment of Surface and Groundwater” is written by experts from Algeria who know well the facts of water resources in Algeria and the factors affecting its demand and supply to update and enhance the existing knowledge on water resources in Algeria concerning two important sources, namely surface water and groundwater. The book consists of 12 chapters in addition to the introduction part, which consists of two chapters, and the conclusion part, which consists of one chapter. The main themes of the book include (a) Current Status of Water Resources in Algeria (3 chapters), (b) Climate Change Impact and Hydrogeological Investigations (5 chapters), (c) Aquifer Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Resources (2 chapters), and (d)