Delusions and hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease: Prevalence and clinical correlates

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of delusions and hallucinations in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to investigate factors associated with each or the combination of the two. Design. This was a cross-sectional, case-control study. Setting. Neuropsychiatry and Memory Group, The Johns Hopkins University, USA. Participants. Three hundred and forty-two community-residing patients with probable AD according to NINCDS/ADRDA criteria were included in the study. Measures. Patients were assessed clinically for the presence of psychotic symptoms using the DSM-IV glossary definitions. The patients were also rated on standardized measures of cognitive impairment, depression, extrapyramidal symptoms, functional impairment and general health. Results. Seventy-five (22\%) AD patients had delusions only, nine (3\%) had hallucinations only and 30 (9\%) had both delusions and hallucinations. Hallucinations were associated with less education, African-American race, more severe dementia, longer duration of illness, falls and use of anxiolytics. Delusions were associated with older age, depression, aggression, poor general health and use of antihypertensives. Patients with both delusions and hallucinations were Similar to the patients with delusions only. Conclusions. This study confirms the high prevalence of psychotic symptoms in AD patients encountered in clinical practice and suggests that individual psychotic symptoms have different associations. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.