Abstract: |
Lakes are one of the most important characteristics of Egypt’s coastal
areas. However, deteriorating condition of these lakes due to industrialization, land
reclamation, agricultural practices, overfishing, bird hunting, and coastal erosion is
serious. Many challenges are faced by these lakes, some of which are the most
polluted lakes in Egypt where they receive large quantities of agricultural, industrial,
and municipal wastes through several drains and from factories around them.
In addition, Egypt’s Mediterranean coast and the Nile Delta have been identified
highly vulnerable to climate change impacts. Adaptive management is the best
approach for addressing this type of complex problem. The main objective of this
chapter is to classify Egypt’s lakes and depressions and to evaluate the land
resources status of Egypt’s coastal lakes. Also, the challenges facing the sustainable
development of these lakes were identified. Adaptive management approach would
facilitate the investigation and classification of Egypt’s lakes and depressions.
Egypt has been distinguished into four adaptive management zones based on
different factors such as the climatic conditions in combination with the agriculture,
physiography, natural resources, and other issues affecting the socioeconomic
activities. The country is endowed with four main zones as follows:
1. The North Coastal zone: including the coastal area stretching eastward from the
northwestern coast to the northern coastal area of Sinai. The northern lake group
includes Northern Delta Lakes and Lake Bardawil.
2. The Western Desert zone: encompassing oases and remote areas, including
Wadi El- Natrun, Qattara Depression, Siwa Oasis, and Toshka Lakes.
The Nile Valley zone: encompassing the fertile alluvial land of Middle and
Upper Egypt, the Nile Delta region, and the reclaimed desert areas on the fringes
of the Nile Valley. This group includes Nasser Lake, Qarun Lake, and Wadi
El-Rayyan Lakes.
4. Inland Sinai and the Eastern Desert zone: including Great Bitter Lake and
El-Timsah Lake.
In the northern lakes, the levels of pollution in these lakes are Mariut> Manzala >
Edku > Borollus > Bardawil. The most polluted lakes are Lake Mariut and Lake
Manzala. Lake Mariut receives agricultural drainage and domestic and industrial
wastewater from agricultural drains. However, Lake Manzala serves as a final repository
for many of the municipal and agricultural wastewater of the eastern Delta,
including the wastewater of most of Cairo. The main contributors to the lake are the
Bahr El-Baqar drain, Hadous drain, and drainage water delivered by Mataria, lower
Serw, and Faraskour pumping stations. Bahr El-Baqar drain carries sewage effluent
from Cairo and the drainage water of more than 200,000 ha of agricultural lands.
The result of the case study on the Lake Manzala showed the land use and land
cover change that has occurred during the period 1986–2016. The highest positive
changes areas are showed in crop vegetation areas (+16.44%) and bare land areas
(+15.43%), while the highest negative changes areas are displayed in natural
vegetation areas (−23.91%) and fish pond areas (−10.77%).
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