This volume came into conception to highlight the great challenges facing Egypt due to the severe shortage of water which will be even more pronounced due to the negative impacts resulting from the full operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) at the border of Ethiopia with Sudan. This unique volume is authored by Egyptian Scientists and researchers to present the results and findings of their research work and the related state of the art connected to the topic. The views presented in the book are the result of extensive scientific efforts and not personal view. It should be stated that the presented views in this book are not necessarily the views of the Egyptian government. Any chapter included in this book reflects the personal view of the author(s) based on the involved assumption and the conducted investigations. The volume consists of 7 parts and comprises 20 chapters written by more than 30 authors. Part I is an introduction to the volume and consists of one chapter titled “An Overview of Aswan High Dam and Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.” The author presents a general overview and the basic available data of both dams. Also, the major advantages and disadvantages of each are listed. Part II is titled “Importance and Environmental Impacts of AHD” and presents a review of both positive and negative environmental impacts of the AHD. It consists of two chapters. The chapter titled “Environmental Impacts of AHD on Egypt Between the Last and the Following 50 Years” provides a brief overview of both positive and negative environmental impacts of the AHD, while the chapter titled “Importance of Aswan High Dam to Egypt” presents in some detail the positive impacts of the AHD on Egypt and Egyptian Society and how the AHD shifted Egypt to a new era.