Abstract: |
Retinoic acid (RA) is an indigenous metabolite and descriptive physiologically
functioning constituent of vitamin A. Retinoids were documented as vital regulators for cell
development and distinction, embryonic growth, and reproductive function in both male and
female livestock. Previously, RA has been shown to have several positive impacts in vivo and in
vitro and critically control many reproductive events, such as oocyte development, follicular
growth, and early embryonic growth. In addition, RA manages apoptotic signaling and oxidative
damages in cells. Recently, RA has been used widely in assisted reproductive technology fields,
especially during in vitro embryo development in various mammalian species, including buffaloes,
bovine, goats, sheep, pigs, and rabbits. However, the optimum concentration of RA greatly differs
based on the condition of maturation media and species. Based on the obtained findings, it was
generally accepted that RA enhances nuclear oocyte maturation, cleavage and maturation rates,
blastocyst formation, and embryo development. As such, it possesses antioxidant properties against
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an anti-apoptotic effect through enhancing the transcription of
some related genes such as superoxide dismutase, prostaglandin synthase, glutathione peroxidase,
peroxiredoxins, and heme oxygenase. Therefore, the current review concludes that an addition of
RA (up to 50 nM) has the potential to improve the oocyte maturation media of various species of
livestock due to its antioxidant activity
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