Diabetic Nephropathy & cardiac Complications

The prevalence of diabetes has rapidly increased during the past decade and is expected to continue its rise (Van Dieren, et al., 2010).Diabetes, particularly when inadequately controlled, predisposes to a number of adverse health consequences, including micro- and macro- vascular complications, which are responsible for the vast majority of diabetes-related morbidity and mortality (O’Connor, et al., 2006).Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most devastating complication of diabetes and now is considered to be a medical catastrophe of worldwide dimensions, as it has become the main cause of end-stage renal failure (ESRF) (Soldatos and Cooper, 2008). Moreover, it is associated with a dramatic increase of cardiovascular risk (Schiffrin, et al., 2007).Accumulating evidences have illustrated that patients of DN are more likely to die of cardiovascular complications than to develop kidney failure .