| Abstract: |
A Pharmacognostical study of Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague Family Bignoniaceaecultivated in EgyptPodranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague is a climbing shrub native to tropical and south Africa. It is cultivated in Egypt in Onnan Botanical hardens and in the Experimental station of Faculty of Pharmacy, Assuit Jniversity. It is an ornamental plant with showy pink flowers.Literature survey showed that nothing could be traced concerning lie plant cultivated in Egypt and this provoked the present work thatincludes:IrtrBotanical study including: the macro- and micromorphology of hem, leaf and flower in both entire and powdered forms.iPart II:Phytochemical study including: phytochemical screening, fcxtraction, fractionation, isolation and identification of the different lonstituents of the plant.tart III:Biological study of the methanol eluate from Diaion HP-20 (including: antimicrobial activity, anti-oxidant activity, activity on C.N.S., Inti-inflammatory activity, antipyretic activity and toxicological effects.PartiBotanical study of Podranea ricasoliana(Tanfani) SpragueChapter IMacromorphology of Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) SpragueHabitat:Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague is an evergreen climbing shrub with numerous monopodial branches reaching up to 10 meters height. Flowers are produced all winter long (November to March). The fruit is a narrow capsule containing many ovate seeds. Propagation is by fced, cutting or layering. The plant prefers full sun, rich soil and plenty of rater in summer.Macromorphologv of the stem:The stems are woody, cylindrical, solid and brown in colour. The foung branches are quadrangular, smooth and green in colour. The older ranches are quadrangular to sub-cylindrical, pale brownish green in ;olour with rough surface and slightly prominent ribs. The stem breaks A a fibrous fracture having a faint odour and a bitter taste.Macromorphology of the leaf:The leaves are compound, opposite decussate, imparipinnate and sc-stipulate with 7-9-11 leaflets. The leaflet is ovate to broadly ovate-anceolate in shape with serrate to crenate margin. The apical leaf has ong tapering acuminate apex and symmetric base while the lower leaflets lave shorter less tapering apices and asymmetric bases. The dry leaf has a aint odour and a bitter taste. The petiole and the rachis are sub-”1 ;ylindrical in outline with two longitudinal ridges on the upper surface inclosing a deep groove in between.Macromorphologv of the flower:The flower is pink in colour, funnel-shaped, zygomorphic, hypogenous, hermaphrodite and arranged in terminal loose panicles.The calyx:The calyx is synsepalous, consisting of five triangular-teethed sepals, bell-shaped, and pale green in colour.The corolla:The corolla is synpetalous, consisting of five large petals, funnel-shaped, pale pink to lilac stripped with red colour.The androecium:The androecium consists of five yellow epipetalous stamens ilteraating with the corolla lobes. The two lateral stamens are larger than he two anterior ones and the fifth is a tiny infertile staminode. The ilament is yellowish brown in colour and cylindrical. The anther lobes are two-divergent and dehiscent by two longitudinal slits.rhegynaecium:The gynaecium consists of a slender, superior, syncarpous and bilocular ovary with several ovules arranged on axile placenta. The style slender and terminates with two lateral stigma.The pedicel:The pedicel is green in colour and glabrous. The floral diagram of Podranea ricasoliana (Tanfani) Sprague is:Chapter II Micromorphology of the stemthe epidermis:The epidermis consists of polygonal, usually axially elongated lometimes isodiametric cells with straight anticlinal walls covered withfaintly striated cuticle. Stomata of anomocytic type are somewhat frequent. Numerous glandular hairs of peltate type are present.IThe cortex:Before cork formation, the primary cortex is formed of an outer [continuous zone of collenchymatous cells that increase in number beneath the ribs followed by parenchymatous cells and lined internally with theitarch sheath.After cork formation, the collenchymatous cells become more |elongated, thickened and slightly lignified. The cork consists of rolygonal, usually axially elongated sometimes isodiametric cells in surface view with slightly thick non-lignified walls. The secondary cortex insists of few layers of parenchymatous cells containing starch granules.The pericvcle:The pericycle consists mostly of parenchymatous cells interrupted by groups of lignified fibers that increase in number beneath the ribs.The phloem:The phloem is formed mainly of phloem parenchyma and sieve tubes with campanion cells. Secretory cells with yellowish brown contents are scattered in small groups in phloem parenchyma.llhe cambium:The cambium forms wide band of cambiform cells that are pngentially elongated and radially arranged.[Thexvlein:The xylem is formed of lignified vessels, fibers and wood parenchyma. It is traversed mainly by uniserriate medullary rays. The vessels are usually pitted and sometimes with spiral thickening.pith:The pith is formed of a wide zone of parenchymatous cells having (tick, pitted and slightly lignified walls. The outer cells contain prisms of (calcium oxalate. After cork formation, the parenchymatous cells of the |pith contain starch granulesMicromorphology of the leaf [A- Micromorphology of the leaflet: [The epidermis: [The upper epidermis:The upper epidermis is formed of polygonal usually isodiametric to (slightly elongated cells with sinuous, thin anticlinal walls and covered (with faintly striated cuticle. Stomata are not observed. Glandular and non-jlandular hairs are usually present.iThe lower epidermis:The lower epidermis is similar to the upper epidermis but the cells (are smaller and have more sinuous walls . Stomata of anomocytic type are (numerous. Glandular hairs are more abundant than those on the upperepidermis.iThe mesophyll:The mesophyll is heterogeneous, dorsiventral with an upper Ipalisade consisting of one row of columnar cells and a spongy tissue consisting of thin-walled, rounded or slightly irregular chlorenchymatous cells with fairly wide intercellular spaces.IThe cortical tissue:The cortical tissue consists of ordinary parenchyma surrounding the main vascular bundle of the midrib. There is a mass of collenchyma in Ithe cortical region abutting on the upper epidermis and another one on the lower epidermis.The pericycle:The pericycle is formed of two arcs. The lower arc surrounds the phloem from below and consists of parenchymatous cells interrupted by groups of collenchymatous cells at intervals. The upper arc is smaller than the lower one and consists mainly of collenchymatous cells. Theparenchyma present below the upper arc show small groups of secretory cells.The phloem:The phloem is represented by large arc of soft elements below the xylem. It shows small groups of secretory cells.The xvlem:The xylem arc is formed of lignified vessels and thin-walled wood parenchyma. The vessel possesses usually spiral sometimes sclariform thickening. The medullary rays are formed of 1-2 rows of radially elongated cells. Few prisms of calcium oxalate are present in the parenchymatous cells above the bundle.■Micromorphology of the petiolule:The structure of the petiolule is more or less similar to that of the eaflet showing two lateral wings. In the apex of each wing, there is a mall mass of collenchyma on the upper epidermis. The vascular system represented by a large central vascular cylinder and two small additive lundles towards the upper surface.t-Micromorphology of the rachis and petiole:The epidermis:The upper epidermis:The upper epidermis of the rachis is formed of polygonal usually sodiametric to slightly axially elongated cells with straight, thin inticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. Stomata are notibserved.Fhe lower epidermis:The lower epidermis of the rachis is exactly similar to the upper me but it shows stomata of anomocytic type.Fhe cortex:The cortex is formed of an outer continuous zone of collenchymatous cells that increase in number beneath the ribs followed py parenchymatous cells and lined internally with the starch sheath.The pericycle:The pericycle consists mostly of parenchymatous cells interrupted by groups of slightly lignified fibers.The phloem:The phloem consists of soft elements. Numerous secretory cells are present in the phloem.Thexvlem:’ The xylem forms a narrow ring consisting of lignified vessels,fibers and wood parenchyma and traversed by medullary rays, life vessels have spiral and pitted thickening. The fibers represent the main constituent of the xylem. The medullary rays are uni- or bi-serriate and brmed of thin-walled, radially elongated cells.Hie pith:The pith is formed of a wide zone of parenchymatous cells having thin walls. The outer cells contain prisms of calcium oxalate.Micromorphology of the flower Fhe calyx:Fhe outer epidermis: Ffae apical region:The cells in surface view are polygonal, isodiametric to slightly :longated with nearly straight anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. Stomata of anomocytic type are present and numerous glandular hairs of peltate type.Fbe middle and basal regions:The cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger n size and the walls are more straight. Glandular hairs of patelliform type ire distributed mainly on the middle region.rhe inner epidermis: Fhe apical region:The cells are polygonal, isodiametric to slightly elongated with omewhat wavy anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. Small frequent papillae are observed.[be middle and basal regions:The cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger size and the walls are more straight and sometimes curved. Glandular lairs of patelliform type are observed.the corolla:[he outer epidermis:Bhe apical region:The cells are polygonal, isodiametric to slightly elongated with fcavy to sinuous anticlinal walls and covered with faintly striated cuticle ind sometimes papillosed. Stomata of anomocytic type are present. [Numerous non-glandular hairs are seen on the tip of corolla. Glandularpeltate hairs are observed.iThe middle region:The cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger ■size. Glandular hairs of peltate and patelliform type are observed.IThe basal region:The cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger In size and the walls are less wavy.The inner epidermis: [The apical region:The cells are polygonal, isodiametric to slightly elongated with klightly wavy anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle and sometimes papillosed.Fhe middle region:le cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger in Ize and the walls are nearly straight. Non-glandular hairs are seen by the Iked eye on the cells.the basal region:The cells are similar to those of the apical region but they are larger In size and the walls are straight. Glandular hairs are seen by the naked feye at the base of the filament and on the basal region of the inner Epidermis of corolla.The androecium: The anther: Theexothecium:The exothecium is the epidermis of the anther wall and formed of Ipolygonal, usually isodiametric, sometimes elongated cells with straight, finely beaded anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. Stomata are not observed.Theendothecium:The endothecium is the hypodermis of the anther wall and formed of an outer fibrous layer and inner layers of thin-walled collapsedparenchyma.The fibrous layer:The fibrous layer is formed of a single layer near the dehiscence lline and becomes gradually wider near the connective. It consists of polygonal, mainly isodiametric, sometimes elongated cells having lignified bar-like thickenings.hetapetum:The tapetum is formed mainly of parenchyma with nuclei and ense contents.he pollen grains:The pollen grain is spherical in shape, pale yellow, showing three |erm pores and reticulate exine.[he filament:The filament is formed of an epidermis surrounding a wide )arenchymatous cortical tissue and a central vascular strand. The Epidermis of the filament is formed of polygonal, axially elongated cells with straight anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. The epidermal cells of the basal part of the filament carry numerous glandular hairs.ffhegynaecium:[The ovary:The ovary is formed of an epidermis enclosing a parenchymatous ground tissue traversed by several concentric vascular bundles and surrounding two locules in which the ovules are present.The epidermis of the ovary consists of polygonal, isodiametric to slightly elongated cells with straight anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated cuticle. Occasional stomata of anomocytic type are present. Numerous peltate glandular hairs are also observed.The style:The epidermal cells of the style are polygonal, axially elongated with straight anticlinal walls covered with faintly striated^cuticle.ic stigma:The epidermis of the stigma is papillosed, showing hairy papillae d covered with warty cuticle.ae flower pedicel: he epidermis:The epidermis is formed of polygonal, isodiametric to slightly dally elongated cells with straight anticlinal walls covered with faintly riated cuticle. Stomata of anomocytic type are present as well as umerous peltate glandular hairs.’be cortex:The cortex is formed of collenchyma followed by parenchyma ined internally with the starch sheath.Die pericvcle:The pericycle consists mainly of parenchyma interrupted by groups Df collenchymatous cells at intervals.The vascular system:The vascular system is formed of widely separate collateral rascular bundles surrounded by the pericycle. The phloem is soft, containing secretory cells and separated from xylem by narrow cambium. [The xylem vessels are mainly spiral. The medullary rays are wide and parenchymatous.he pith.The pith is wide and parenchymatous containing few prisms of ilcium oxalate at its periphery.
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