| Abstract: |
Down syndrome is the most commonly occurring genetic disorder in humans. It is named after John Langdon Down, who described the syndrome .Down syndrome is also referred to as trisomy 21 due to the presence of an extra copy of chromosome number 21. It has an incidence of 1.5 per 1000 live births. Occurrence is strongly dependent on maternal age. The 2 sexes are affected roughly equally and no racial predilection is known.Down syndrome is a disease of great significance for the anesthesiologists, because this syndrome is associated with several congenital anomalies in different organ systems as central nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrinal, hematological, immunity and gastrointestinal systems.Down syndrome surgical cases are associated with many anesthetic problems as; age problems (neonates and prematures), difficult airway, congenital heart anomalies (ASD,VSD, Fallot teratology and PDA), recurrent respiratory tract infections, obstructive sleep apnea, mental retardation, epilepsy, atlanto-axial instability, hypothyroidism, hyperethyroidism, DM, chronic renal failure, chronic liver impairment, leukemia, anemia, polycythemia, coagulation disorders, gastro-oesophageal reflux, impaired immunity, pharmacological changes as increased sensitivity to volatile anesthetic agents, muscle relaxants and atropine, obesity with its problems and liability to hypothermia with its sequelae, malignant hyperthermia and postoperative respiratory obstructio.
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