Anesthetic management of pediatric with congenital heart disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Provision of safe anesthesia for pediatric patients depends on a clear understanding of the physiologic, pharmacologic, and psychological differences between children and adults. Special consideration must be given to preterm infants, as well as to those with congenital malformations. Congenital heart diseases can be classified into three groups shunting lesions, Obstructive lesions and Complex Congenital Cardiac Malformations. Intracardiac and intravascular shunting is a common clinical conditions for patients with congenital heart disease. They may suffer from paradoxical embolization, endocarditis, or valve dysfunction indirectly related to the defect, which draws attention to the defect for the first time. Familiarity with the pathophysiology of each lesion will help the cardiac anesthesiologist care for these unusual patients.