The Plasma Retinol Levels As Pro- Oxidant / Oxidant Agents In Haemodialysis Patients

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end stagerenal disease (ESRD) is increasing worldwide.End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a disease state characterizedby increased oxidative stress, and it has been speculated that oxidativestress may be a potentially important source of cardiovascular morbidityand mortality in this patient population.Maintenance haemodialysis (HD) is the mainstay of treatment forthe patients with end stage renal disease not suitable for or awaiting renaltransplantation. Cardiovascular morbidity is an important complication inthese patients.Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between the generationof reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense mechanisms.These antioxidant enzymes are mainly involved in intracellularantioxidantdefense. Several publications describing enzyme participationin free radical metabolism have yielded wrong and mixed results.Retinol, the major circulating form of vitamin A, was shown tohave some antioxidant properties. Plasma malondialdehyde (MDA)levels, the biomarker of lipid peroxidation are more specific and sensitivebiomarker for the evaluation of the lipid peroxidation status III manypathologies including in patients under chronic HD treatment.Failure of the kidney to metabolize retinol to retinoic acid maycause diminished excretion via bile and urine, thus leading toaccumulation of retinol in chronic renal failure (CRF).