Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy as a Modality of Treatment of Renal Stone

It is known that Urinary tract stones are the most common urological problems that affect general populations, affects 12 % of the population worldwide. The frequency of urolithiasis has increased substantially over the past five decades.With improved endoscopic techniques and instrumentation, the optimal management of different presentation of stones is in a state of evolution, SWL and PNL have changed the management of stone surgeries completely and the preference of minimally invasive techniques is increasing every day.In this study we show the new techniques in PNL as mini-perc and tubeless PNL, totally tubeless, which decreased postoperative medications and hospital stay.Also we clarify the developments in stone fragmentation, newer instruments, and the improved fluoroscopy which increased the versatility of percutaneous surgery. Flexible, steerable nephroscope have allowed access to all parts of the kidney.The technique of P.C.N.L is now familiar for urologist so we give hints about it and also, the new techniques which improved the results and increase the indications of P.C.N.L as well ass decrease its contra-indications.We also present the complications which may face the urologist undergo P.C.N.L either during the procedure or recent after the operation and even the late complications and how to avoid these complications and deal with it.