| Abstract: |
Adequate nutrition is essential for maintenance of physiologic homeostasis. Nutrition requirements during childhood are different than these of adults. This difference involves the pediatric need for growth and development and rapid changes that occur during the functional maturation of organs and systems. Enternal feeding is the first choice for nutritional therapy. But parenteral nutrition is usually needed if patient can not receive adequate nutrition via the gut, the indications for PN have not changed over time. Prematurity is the first indication in neonates. In older children postoperative care secondary to gastrointestinal diseases or congenital malformations was the most common indication or gastro-intestinal tract problems like, intractable diarrhea, autoimmune entropathy ,inflammatory bowel disease and ulcerative colitis , or those suffering from respiratory distress syndrome, bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis. The goal of parenteral nutrition is to initially provide sufficient nutrients to prevent negative energy and nitrogen balance and essential fatty acid deficiency and support normal rates of growth. PN composition is thought to cover all the requeriments of energy and nutrients .It include combination of fluid, energy, macronutritionts (proteins, carbohydrate, and fat) and micronutritions (electrolytes, major minerals, trace minerals and vitamins. The ideal distribution of calories should be 60% carbohydrate, 10-15% proteins and 30% fats Mechanical problems, such as laceration, can occur in 16 to 27 %, dislocation due to a difficulty in fixing the catheter, and occlusion of the catheter may also occur treating gut failure. In more recent years, the earlier introduction and more aggressive advancement of TPN was shown to be safe and effective , and it is still a life-saving therapy.Backyground: The aim of this work is to study parenteral nutrition in children as regard indication, nutritional elements, cautions, monitoring, types and complication updates.
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