Neuromodulation surgery for psychiatric disorders

Background: Neurosurgical intervention in treatment of psychiatric disorders focuses on various new, more-focused, and reversible neuromodulation procedures being investigated for the treatment of treatment-refractory psychiatric disorders mainly treatment-refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Obsessive-compulsive disorder is defined by the National Institute of Mental Health as an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Major depressive disorder is defined by the National Institute of Mental health as manifesting a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable activities. Such a disabling episode of depression may occur only once but more commonly occurs several times in a lifetime. Patient selection is perhaps the most crucial issue facing the renewed interest in neuromodulation for psychiatric disease. Careful patient selection is the key to not recapitulating the mistakes of the lobotomy era. The