SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.Group 3: 40 patients who did not receive streptokinase (control group).Every patient was subjected to full history taking and thorough clinical examination. Analysis of serum electrolytes (Na, K and ca) was done and cases showing abnormal results were excluded. Serum CPK was checked on admission, after 6 hours, after 12 hours and after 24 hours after onset of thrombolytic therapy. ECG was done for every patient on admission, two hours post thrombolytic therapy and predischarge in groups I and 2. In group 3, ECG was done on admission and predischarge.The study concluded that:1- There is a statistically significant reduction in QT dispersion in patients who received thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who received thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who did not receive thrombolytic therapy.2- There is a reduction in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with successful reperfusion therapy associated with the reduction in the QT dispersion. So, reduction of QT dispersion may be a mechanism of benefit of thrombolytic therapy.3- QT dispersion is increased after myocardial infarction and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias.4- QT dispersion is influenced by hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age and site of infarction ,as it is increased in patients with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, age less than 50 years and with anterior than inferior infarction.The study recommended the following:1- Whenever not contraindicated, thrombolytic therapy should be administered as early as possible in cases with AMI.2- QT dispersion can predict the potential for ventricular arrhythmias in patients with AMI.3- Future studies are needed to confirm the value of QT dispersion in risk stratification after AMI.SUMMARYThere is growing interest in QT dispersion as a marker for arrhythmia potential being a marker of inhomogenicity of ventricular repolarization. The QT dispersion is increased in myocardial ischemia and infarction, and levels are higher in patients with ventricular arrhythmias. This study was performed to assess QT dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy with successful reperfusion versus those who treated with thrombolytic therapy with failed reperfusion and those who treated with conventional therapy and to correlate between QT dispersion and the complicating serious ventricular arrhythmias following acute myocardial infarction. And it is also performed to assess the influence of age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and site of infarction on QT dispersion. The study included 100 patients with recent acute myocardial infarction and they are classified to 3 groups:Group 1: 30 patients who received streptokinase with successful reperfusion.Group 2: 30 patients who received streptokinase with failed reperfusion.In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.The advantages of MR imaging with its superior soft tissue contrast resolution, absence of bone hardening artifacts, and ability to image in multiplanner fashion has allowed to image the deep fascial structures as well as the distinction between the tumor and the surrounding soft tissue is easier than that of computed tomography.So both CT and MRI are well-established methods in diagnosing diseases of the nasopharynx and its surrounding.The recommended diagnostic strategy for mass lesions of the nasopharynx and surrounding structures is to use Gd-enhanced MRI as a primary study and contrast enhanced CT as a secondary study for the evaluation of fine bony details.Summary and conclusionThe aim of this study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging versus computed tomography in diagnosis of nasopharyngeal mass.This study was done during the period from June 2002 to December 2003 in Radiology Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals. The study included 30 patients, 19 males and 11 females, their ages ranged from 5 to 69 years.The patients were subjected to:1- Clinical examination.2- CT scanning.3- MRI4- Histopathological analysis.The lesions encountered in our study were classified into 22 malignant lesions and 8 of benign nature.The malignant lesions were further subdivided into tumors arised from the nasopharynx itself, they were squamous cell carcinoma in 12 patients, lymphoma in 8 patients, and malignant tumors extended to the nasopharynx in the form of chordoma and carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.Eight patients with benign lesions were included in our series, further subdivided into 6 cases arised from the nasopharynx, they were 3 cases of angiofibroma, 3 cases of adenoids, or direct extension from adjacent structures in two cases, one case of nasal angiofibroma and the other was pleomorphic adenoma of the deep part of the parotid gland.Both CT and MRI were done for all our patients, CT was effective in the determination of the lesion, extension, other close association, the bone destruction and abnormal calcifications inside the tumor, however CT failed to distinguish between the tumor itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures.MRI is a sensitive technique in good differentiation between the tumor itself and the surrounding structures, the extension and the obliteration of the surrounding spaces, MRI has also good advantages of determination of the intracranial extension.In conclusion:The Computed Tomography is effective in imaging of the nasopharyngeal lesions as if they are primarily arise from or as an extension from the parapharyngeal structures. It also provides a good details about the nature of the lesion, density, extension and other association and presence of calcifications or bone destruction, which is deficient in MR imaging.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 years- The correct knowledge about eczema among the hospital service workers was lacking before intervention, which reflected their need for a health educational program. After intervention, there was significant improvement of the frequency of the use of protective gloves and correct knowledge about eczema.Recommendations:It was recommended to decrease work hours/week for hospital workers, preemployment and periodic medical examination for skin diseases especially in job place, where there is contact with patient with advice them to wash their hands especially after exposure at work with complete drying after wash. Implement health education sessions should be provided through mass media and face to face approach to inform the workers about health hazards of wet work and supplying them with protective gloves through health authorities.الملخص العربيمقدمة ومشكلة البحث:تمثل الأمراض الجلدية حوالي 30% من الأمراض المهنية التي تستلزم دفع تعويض لها، وتعتبر الأمراض الجلدية المهنية مسئولة عن حوالي 25% من أيام الغياب عن العمل وهى تؤثر على العمال في كل الأعمار وفي نطاق واسع من المهن مثل مهن تصفيف الشعر والطب والأسنان والطب البيطري والزراعة وأعمال النظافة والطباعة والدهان والبناء وتجهيز الطعام.ومن اكثر الأمراض الجلدية انتشارا والتي لها علاقة بالعمل الالتهاب الجلدي بالتماس ونظرا لأن الأمراض الجلدية المهنية قد تؤدى أحيانا إلى العجز عن العمل وغالبا تصيب العمال في مرحلة سنية مبكرة فهي تمثل عبئا وتكلفة على المجتمع وحديثا وجد أنها تمثل مؤشراً هاما للتوقف عن العمل وتعطل الإنتاج ولذلك فالوقاية من الأمراض الجلدية ضرورية جدا.أهداف البحث:تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد اكثر المشاكل الجلدية المهنية انتشارا بين عمال الخدمات بمستشفيات جامعة الزقازيق مع توضيح عوامل الخطورة الشخصية والمهنية المرتبطة بالمشاكل الجلدية بين عمال الخدمات ووضع وتنفيذ وتقويم البرنامج التدخلي للتثقيف الصحي وللوقاية من الأمراض الجلدية المهنية.عينة الدراسة وطريقة اختيارها:أجريت هذه الدراسة على مجموعتين من العمال:• المجموعة التدخلية (120 عاملا) من عمال الخدمات المستديمين بالمستشفى الجامعي والذين يعملون لفترة سنة فأكثر.• المجموعة الضابطة (120 عاملا) من عمال الخدمات بالمباني الأكاديمية بكلية الطب البشرى.إجراءات البحث:وقد اشتملت هذه الدراسة على زيارة ميدانية للأقسام المختلفة في مستشفى الجامعة وكلية الطب وعمل استبيان لجمع معلومات شخصية ومهنية وفحص سريري جلدي مع عمل برنامج تدخلي للتثقيف الصحي.وكان البرنامج التدخلى يشمل تثقيفاً صحياً, بالإضافة إلى تعليمات عملية بخصوص ممارسة غسل الأيدي واختيار المادة المرطبة, استخدام المنظفات واستخدام القفازات الواقية.النتائج الرئيسية:لقد أوضحت الدراسة وجود فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المجموعة التدخلية عنها بين الضابطة بالنسبة لعدد ساعات العمل في الأسبوع، ساعات العمل بالوظائف المرتبطة بالتعرض للبلل، معدل الإصابة بمرض الحساسية الجلدية. على الجانب الآخر لم يكن هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين المجموعتين بالنسبة للحساسية من المعادن ومعدل التاريخ المرضى للإصابة بالاكزيما.أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن أعلى نسبة للإصابة بالأمراض الجلدية المهنية كانت بين عمال الخدمات بالمستشفى الجامعي 50% بالمقارنة ب 19.2% بين المجموعة الضابطة.كما أظهرت هذه الدراسة أن الالتهاب الجلدي التماسي كان الأكثر شيوعا بين عمال الخدمات بالمستشفى بنسبة 27.5% يليه تنيا القدم 10.8% ثم التهابات الفطرية للأظافر 3.3%.كما أوضحت هذه الدراسة أن الأيدى كانت الأكثر تعرضاً للأمراض الجلدية المهنية بنسبة 23.3% بين عمال الخدمات و 11.6% بين العينة الضابطة.وكذلك أوضحت الدراسة أن نسبة الإصابة بالأمراض الجلدية المهنية كانت أعلى بين عمال الخدمات في الأماكن التي بها اتصال بالمرضى مثل أقسام الجراحة والباطنة والأطفال والنساء 56.6% بينما كانت 30% في المطبخ والمغسلة والمعامل.كما أظهرت الدراسة أن العمل بالوظائف المرتبطة بالتعرض للبلل لمدة اكثر من ساعتين في اليوم كانت بنسبة أعلى بين عمال الخدمات بالمستشفى 67.5% عنها بين المجموعة الضابطة 13.3%.أوضحت هذه الدراسة أن نسبة الأمراض الجلدية المهنية بين عمال الخدمات المعرضين للمنظفات اكبر أربع مرات عنها بين عمال الخدمات الغير معرضين.ولقد خلصت هذه الدراسة إلى أن نسبة الإصابة بالأمراض الجلدية المهنية بين عمال الخدمات بالمستشفى تزداد مع زيادة عدد ساعات العمل فى الأسبوع.وكان واضحا من خلال نتائج الدراسة انه كان هناك قصورا ظاهرا في المعرفة الصحيحة لدى العمال عن مرض الالتهاب الجلدي التماسي وقد ارتفع معدل المعرفة الصحيحة عن المرض بصورة واضحة وذلك بعد تطبيق برنامج التثقيف الصحي كما ارتفعت نسبة استعمال القفازات الواقية بينهم من نسبة 46.6% إلى 85.7%.التوصيات:أوصت هذه الدراسة بالعمل على تقليل عدد ساعات العمل الأسبوعية لعمال الخدمات بالمستشفى الجامعي مع عمل فحص قبل العمل وكذلك فحص دوري للأمراض الجلدية المهنية خاصة للعمال العاملين في الأقسام التي على اتصال دائم بالمرضى مع نصحهم بتقليل عدد مرات غسل الأيدي اليومية. كما أوصت بتنفيذ برنامج للتثقيف الصحي للعمال لإعطائهم معلومات كافية عن أضرار الأعمال المرتبطة بالتعرض للبلل وكذلك إمدادهم بالقفازات الواقية من خلال الجهات الصحية المسئولة.