SummaryThirty patients with exudative pleural effusions were 17 males and 13 females. Their age ranged from 18-77 years, according to Light’s criteria, were fit for pleural biopsy and didn’t have any of the following; bleeding disorders, positive culture of pleural fluid, frank pus, chylothorax, recent history of chest trauma, recent abdominal operation or recent coronary artery bypass, were selected from Patients with pleural effusions, who were admitted at Chest and Internal Medicine Departments, Zagazig University Hospitals, in the period from July 2004 to August 2005, and subjected to the following:1) Thorough medical history2) Full clinical examination.3) Plain Chest X- ray (postero-anterior and lateral views).4) Hematological investigations including:a) Complete blood picture.b) Liver function tests (total proteins, albumin, SGOT, SGPT, and total and direct bilirubin).c) Kidney function tests (blood urea and serum creatinine).d) Prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time.e) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).f) Fasting blood sugar; simultaneous with measurement of pleural fluid glucose level.g) Serum LDH simultaneous with measurement of pleural fluid value of LDH.h) Bone marrow biopsy from the sternum, under local anesthesia, was done in one case which diagnosed as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.5) Sputum analysis: was done for 5 patients with expectoration• Z.N. staining.• Cytological examination for malignant cells.6) Tuberculin skin test. (Mantoux method)7) Serological studies including some selected tests:a) Serum rheumatoid factor (RF).b) Serum antinuclear antibody (ANA)8) Pelvi-abdominal ultrasound.9) Ultrasound guided thoracocentesis.10) Pleural fluid analysis:(pH, protein, glucose, LDH, total and differential leukocytic count, gram stain, culture and sensitivity for aerobic, anaerobic organisms and AFB, ZN staining and cytological examination for malignant cells)11) Blind pleural biopsy by Abrams’ needle: biopsy taken was sent for culture for AFB and histopathological examination.12) Contrast enhanced CT chest.13) CT guided pleural biopsy: from the maximum area of parietal pleural thickening detected in CT chest and sent for histopathological examination.14) Fiberoptic bronchoscope: was done for 8 patients with parenchymal lesions detected in radiological examination and one patient with hemoptysis. The biopsy was sent for histopathological examination and BAL was sent for both ZN staining and cytological examination.15) Medical thoracoscope: with biopsy taken using the ”Storz” rigid thoracoscope 9 mm diameter was performed. The procedure of thoracoscopy was done under local anaesthesia and through a single puncture, that was made before for Abrams’ needle, at the posterior axillary line in the 6th-8th intercostal space while the patient lying in the lateral decubitus position with affected hemithorax up.The results of current study were as follow:1) The final diagnosis as established by different diagnostic tools was reached in 30 cases (100%) and distributed as follow; 8 patients (26.7%) with tuberculosis, one patient (3.3%) with rheumatoid arthritis, 4 patients (13.3%) with primary lung cancer (3 adenocarcinoma and 1 small cell carcinoma), 10 patients (33.3%) with metastatic carcinoma, 2 patients (6.7%) with hematological malignancies (one lymphoma and the other leukemia), and 5 patients (16.7%) with mesothelioma.2) Pleural fluid cytology achieved the diagnosis in 8 /21cases with sensitivity (38 %) of malignant pleural effusion, among them 2 cases (50%) with primary lung cancer, 5 cases (50%) with metastatic carcinoma and one case (20%) with mesothelioma.3) Abrams’ pleural biopsy yielded an overall sensitinity in 21 patients (70%) was obtained. It was positive (pathology and culture for AFB) in 7 patients of tuberculous pleural effusion (87.5%), while the corresponding result for malignancy was 14 patients (66.7%) which distributed as follow; 3 patients (75%) with primary lung cancer, 8 patients (80%) with metastatic carcinoma and 3 patients (60%) with malignant pleural mesothelioma.4) The magnitude of the maximum site of the parietal pleural thickening, detected by CT chest, ranged from 2-28 mm (9.4 ± 6). CT guided cutting needle biopsy from the maximum site of the parietal pleural thickening was positive for the diagnosis in 15/30 patients with overall sensitivity (50%) and was distributed as follow; 3 patients (37.5%) with tuberculosis, and 12 patients (57.1%) with malignant group that distributed as follow; 2 cases (50%) with primary lung cancer, 5 patients (50%) with metastatic carcinoma, 4 cases (80%) with malignant pleural mesothelioma and 1 case (50%) with hematological malignancy (lymphoma). No complication was reported in the procedure of CT-guided cutting needle biopsy.5) Diagnosis was reached by thoracoscopic pleural biopsy in 27 patients with overall sensitivity (90%), amoung them 7/8 patients (87.5%) tuberculous pleural effusion, 19/21 patients (90.5%) malignant pleural effusion and one patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Thoacoscopy was negative in 3/30 patients (10%); one patient in tuberculous group was diagnosed by Abrams’needle, one patient with metastatic carcinoma was diagnosed by cytological examination of pleural fluid and the third patient with lymphoma was diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy and CT-guided. 2/30 cases were persistent pneumothorax post thoracoscopy, these two cases were shown to have metastatic carcinoma to the pleura.Comparison of the diagnostic yield of different diagnostic tool versus the diagnostic yield of medical thoracoscopy in the studied patients:In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.Summary and conclusionFor management of neglected epiphyseal injuries fundamental points must be clarified:1- The nature of the initial physeal injury.2- If the physeal injury is open or closed.3- The location of the cleavage plane through the zones of the epiphyseal pate.4- The anatomical location of the epiphyseal fracture.5- The adequeacy of the treatment of recent epiphyseal injury.6- The patient age at the time of injury e.g. partial or complete epiphyseal arrest in the young child provides a far greater problem than that in the adolescent.The methods of treatment of sequele of epiphyseal injuries are very important includes:1-Treatment of partial growth arrest by osseous bridge resection and implant but failure of the technique may occur, producing erbridging.2- Correction of the angular deformity by osteotomy or epiphyseal stapling.3- Epiphyseal distraction either asymmetrical distraction in angular deformity or symmetrical distraction in complete epiphyseal arrest.4- Epiphyseal transplantation either with or without blood supply the results are only experimental and have no specific indications for use except when a growth center is completely lost with the injury.