SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:(Group I): (25 patients) with no past history of TIA (25 patients)(Group II): (25 patients) with previous one or more TIAs in the anterior circulation. We subdivided this group into:Group A: with TIAs of less than 15 minutes.Group B: with TIAs from 16 minutes to 30 minutes.Group C: with TIAs form 30 minutes to 60 minutes .All patients were subjected to the following:1- Detailed history taking.2- Complete general and neurological examination.3- Laboratory investigations:4- ECG (electrocardiography)5- Brain computed tomograhpy6- Transcranial Doppler7- Extracranial carotid DopplerThe results showed that:- Ther was male predomenence over females in both groups.- The prevalence of stroke risk factors were more common in group I than that of groupII.- The Canadian neurological scale was slightly higher in-group II with a higher scores among group A.- Among the patients of group II the outcome was favorable more than that of the first group according to Barthel index, the most favorable outcome was seen in subgroup A.- Favorable outcome was the best in patients with one week elapse time between the previous TIA and the onset of stroke.- Favorable outcome was better in patients who had 2 or 3 TIAs before their stroke.- Group II patients had smaller sized infarcts in CT than in group I patients.- -The mean cerebral blood flow velocities was lower on the affected side than the non affected side.In conclusion we do not state that TIA prevents ischemic stroke but if TIA occurs in the same vascular territory within a time window (4-14 days) and for short periods (less than 30 minutes) the clinical picture may become less severe and the outcome better after an ischemic stroke.RecommendationThis study like some other studies lead us to pay more attention to all risk factors of ischemic stroke and those with history of TIA to be fully investigated to identify the cause of TIA and to manage them and to be followed up to avoid evolving of cerebral infarction and these results may lead in the future to preventive medicine that target certain genes, drugs and/or combination therapy of ischemic stroke to create a neuroprotective effect against ischemic strokeSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONOur study was done to show the effect of previous TIA in patients after their ischemic stroke in the anterior circulation and to clarify the neuroprotective effect of TIA through comparing the severity of clinical picture on admission and the outcome of stroke in patients with and without previous TIA.50 stroke patients was studied during the period from December 2003 to November 2004. There age range from 43 to 75 with mean age of (m ± SD = 60.8 ± 4.80).According to the presence or absence of previous TIA, our patients were divided into two groups:Methods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.e- ECG and Echocardiogram.f- Fasting and post prandial blood sugar to exclude DM.g- Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), Sodium (Na), and Potassium (K).Research investigations included:a- Color Wave Doppler Ultrasound for A-V fistula.b- Prescribed dose of Haemodialysis from Kt/v equation.Our result as following:- The mean Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.- The intra access MBFV in male A-V fistula was significant higher than in female.- The intra access MBFV in arm A-V fistula was highly significant higher than in forearm A-V fistula.- The difference among Kt/v and intra access MBFV as regards the age of patients and duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in complicated and uncomplicated A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The difference between Kt/v and intra access MBFV in private and university hospitals constructed A-V fistulae was non-significant.- The mean values of Kt/v was highly significant higher in UKM (Watson and nomogram) than in Daugirdas II.UKM method for Kt/v estimation more specific and more sensitive than in Daugirdas II.Conclusions:From the previous results it could be concluded that:- The intra–access blood flow rate was highly significant higher in arm A-V fistula than in fore arm A-V fistula.- The intra–access blood flow rate was significantly higher in male than in female A-V fistula.- Kt/v in female was highly significant higher than in male.Recommendation- We recommend to estimate the Kt/v by UKM (Watson and Nomogram) at least every month:- Regular examination of A-V fistula every 4 – 6 weeks and do Color Doppler if needed.- Construction of A-V fistula in arm if no contra indication.- The recommended ideal intra-access blood flow rate need further study on a wider scale.Summary and ConclusionThis work has been done in the nephrology and dialysis unit, internal medicine department, Zagazig university hospitals.This study included a total number of 25 patients were divided according to site of A-V fistula into two groups;Group I: included 15 patients; 3 of them were females, 12 of them males. Group II: included 10 patients; 4 of them were females and 6 of them were males. Subdivided according to the duration of haemodialysis (dialytic age) into three groups; Group 1 included 5 patients all of them were males, Group 2 included 14 patients 5 of them were females, 9 of them were males, Group 3 included 6 patients 2 of them were females, and 4 of them were males.And also subdivided according to the age of patients into four groups; Group A included 7 patients: (3 of them were female, 4 of them were male) with age ranged 21 - 30 years. Group B included 5 patients (all of them were male), with age ranged 31- 40 years. Group C included 8 patients (1 of them was female, and 7 of them were males) with age ranged 41 - 50 years. Group D included 5 patients (3 of them were female and 2 of them were male) with age ranged 51 - 60 yearsMethods:All patients were subjected to the following:1- Thorough history and Full Clinical Examination.2- Thorough history and Clinical Examination of A-V fistula.3- Haemodialysis program.4- Blood pressure pre- and post dialysis was measured.5- Intradialytic body weight gain.6- Routine investigation (to verify the inclusion and the exclusion criteria of our subjects included:a- Complete blood picture.b- Total protein and serum albumin.c- Liver function test.d- Serum Creatinine blood urea level Pre and post dialysis.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:Control group; 15 cases with uneventful pregnancy (9 showed normal CTG findings and 6 showed suspicious CTG). The remaining 40 cases were high risk pregnancies; 20 cases was pre-eclampsia and 20 cases was diabetic (7 showed normal CTG, 17 showed suspicious CTG findings and 16 showed pathological CTG findings).All cases were subjected to the following:- Routine history and clinical examination.- Routine laboratory investigations.- CTG.- Apgar score at one and five minutes.The validity of predictive value of CTG findings were assessed in relation to Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in the two groups. It has been found that:- There was no statistical significant difference in age, gravidity and gestational age between each of study and control groups.- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minute in suspicious compared with normal in control group (p = 0.2).- There was no significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one and five minutes in suspicious compared with normal in study group (p = 0.38-1).- There was significant difference in percentage of cases with Apgar score at one minutes and no significant difference at five minutes in pathological compared with normal in study group (p = 0.001-0.27).- The sensitivity, specificity positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one minutes in control group (100%, 64%, 16.7% and 100%).- The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CTG for detection of Apgar score < 7 at one and five minutes in study group:For pathological CTG compared with normal; 88.9%, 100%, 100% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 36.8%, 25% and 100%.For suspicious compared with normal; 81.8%, 38.5%, 52.9% and 71.4% compared to 100%, 30.4%, 5.9% and 100%.Conclusion1. The identification of predictive value of CTG finding to be useful screening test in intrapartum surveillance for fetal asphyxia in high risk pregnancies.2. Exclusion of EFM from intrapartum care in low risk pregnancies.ReferencesSummaryIn this study, 55 pregnant women in labor were classified into:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RISUMMARYEndomtrial carcinoma is the commonest invasive malignancy of the female genital tract in both the united kingdom and united states of America . It is the fourth commonest cancer in women and the most curable of the 10 most common cancers in women.Recents reports have investigated the role of transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography as a means of detecteding gynecologic malignancies. Assessment of tumor angiogenesis using color Doppler ultrasound provides useful information for the preoperative prediction regarding stage, depth of myometrial invasion and presence of lymph node metastasis in patients with endometrial carcinoma .In this study , two groups of patient were included. Non malignant group comprised 60 patients and malignant group comprised 15 patients.All the patients in both groups were subjected to through history , through clinical examination and then TVS with color flow and pulsed Doppler study and finally from every patient endometrial biopsy was taken which was subjected to:- Routine histopathological examination .The results were statistically analyzed and diagnostic accuracy of Doppler ultrasonography in the prediction, diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial carcinoma are calculated .In this study , 75 patients included presented by abnormal uterine bleeding . Histological examination reveals that 15 cases (20%) proved to be endometrial carcinoma , 46 cases (61%) endometrial hyperplasia , 2 cases (3%) secretory endometrium , 5 cases (7%) proliferative endometrium , 6 cases (8%) atrophic endometrium , and only 1 case (1%) proved to be endometrial polyp . The sonographic finding in cases of endometrial carcinoma were charecterized by an endometrial thickness more than 10 mm . Non of the cases of endometrial carcinoma had endometrial thickness less than 10 mm , while all cases of atrophic endometrium had endometrial thickness less than 5mm . 32.6 % of cases of endometrial hyperplasia had endometrial thickness 5-10 mm , while 67.4 % more than 10 mm . The mean endometrial thickness of non malignant group was 11.23 + 6.04 while in malignant group was 20.67 + 6.58 and this was statistically significant (p< 0.001)Endometrial thickness greater than 13 mm , which is hypoechoic or inhomogenous with presence of intratumoral blood vessels with RI