| Abstract: |
SUMMARYMusculosketetal disorders are among the most common medical disorders, that result in substantial reduction in health and quality of life, and also consider the most common causes of sever long-term pain and physical disability affecting hundreds of millions of people around the world. Currently, these incur more costs related to the medial care.The current treatment of that disorders have improved over the past 10 to 20 years, through sophisticated rehabilitation programs, and novel operative techniques. Despite this considerable progress, no optimal therapy has been found.In recent years, tissue engineering has gained increasing support, as a method to treat musculoskeletal disorders than traditional methods.The combination of tissue engineering and gene therapy are better than tissue engineering alone.Tissue engineering is a new knowledge that uses scaffolds, natural tissues or cells and growth factors with the goal of enhancing the natural healing processes or replacing damage or deficient tissues by natural tissues.Scaffolds are biodegradable material that provides a frame work for cell proliferation, differentiation and communications. They include ceramic, synthetic and natural materials.The common synthetic polymers used include the polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, polycarpolactone, polyethylene glycol, silicone and polyphosphazenes.Natural polymers, such as collagen and hyaluronic acid, fibrin, laminin and fibronectin.The advantage of biodegradable implants is that they degrade, after they have fulfilled their function. Therefore, a second operation for removing metal implants is not necessary. Additionally, the healing process may be stimulated by the successive loss of the mechanical properties of the implant during degradation.Cells, over the past few years, researches on animal and human stem cells are almost daily loudly revealed to the public on the front-page of newspapers.Several strategies are being investigated and include stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, cord blood stem cells, as well as cells of the same tissues and organs, and from genetically modified tissues.Expansions of the cell population in vitro is a vital step in the process of building a construct containing cellular elements, in which the cells undergo proliferation, differentiation and communication with scaffolds, all of these are called tissue culture.If the cell culture is done in the Biobox system the result will be better than other systems.An important area for future study is the field of neural regeneration toward end-organ tissues, such as skeletal or smooth muscle. The neuronal cells have a high metabolic requirement. As such, it is
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