| Abstract: |
I - SummaryIn Egypt, the fresh water catfish, Chrysichthys rueppelli are the most popular and commercial fish of family Bagridae. It inhabits the inland fresh as a Nile or sometimes slightly brackish water and lacks of many parts of the word. It is concerned as a peMoreover, the fish is sturdy and can be easily adapted to artificial feeding beside it grows rapidly giving high productions, and it’s fresh more or less ensures a considerable price and an essential source of animal protein.The present study deals with the biological, biochemical, physiological, histological, histochemucal and ultrastructure conditions in normal Chrysichthys rueppelli throughout the year, and during the spawning season in Chrysichthys rueppelli injected with1- According to the changes in shape, size and color of the gonads the maturity stages of Chrysichthys rueppelli was classified into six stages: namely, immature, mature, nearly ripe, ripe, spawning and spent.For the female, the maturity stages are clearly separated due to the obvious change in size and color of the ovary at different successive stages.The maturity stages of the male are not so easily followed while the description of the testes according to the changes in their size and color may be occurred.The monthly distribution of the maturity stags revealed that Chrysichthys rueppelli have a long spawning season extended from April to June.The monthly fluctuation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) of both sexes are agrees with the monthly variation of maturity stages.The GSI values increased with the increasing percentage of the ripe fishes towards the spawning season.After which the GSI values decreased gradually from July to November.Change in salinity as an environmental effect on the reproduction conditions GSI values and histological feature of the gonads and pituitary was carried out.During the experiment of change in salinity the GSI values of treated female and male were found lower than those of normal fish. That is may be the cause of formation of atretic follicles in females and of Chrysichthys rueppelli.It was found that, the GSI values were gradually decreased with increase in salinity.Determination of serum sex steroid hormones for normal male and female Chrysichthys rueppelli in relation to gonadosomatic index were carried out.Maximum Concentration of estradiol hormone in serum of normal female Chrysichthys rueppelli during vitellogenesis was recorded in February. At the end of spawning season the decline in serum estradiol was observed in July in female, with sharp decrease ofWhile at the beginning of spermatogenesis, (December & January) the concentration of estradiol hormone in serum of normal male was recorded maximum value in January. While in the spent period (August to October) of male a rapid decrease took place in the During vitellogenesis (March) the circulating testosterone hormone reached a maximum value at the pre-spawning season, with increasing in the average (GSI) value.At the spawning season and spent period a sharply drop in both average value of circulating serum testosterone hormone level and in the average (GSI) value were recorded.At June the average circulating serum testosterone level in male reached to the maximum value throughout the whole year, when the GSI value also reached maximum value (0.71).At resting stage (August to October), the average value of serum testosterone level in male was fluctuated when the average (GSI) value was rapidly decreased through this period.The fish injected by gonadotropin hormone and pituitary extracts as cumulative dose 15500 I.U.+ 4 pituitary extracts in first experiment and day after day with cumulative dose 11500 I.U.+ 3 pituitary extracts in second experiment. As a result of injectionDuring the third experiment where the fish injected day after day dose by gonadotropin hormone only, as a result of injection the GSI value, serum estradiol and testosterone decrease progressively with increasing cumulative dose of hormonal induction fromThe fish were injected day after day with GtH & LHRHa, in fourth experiment as a result of injection, the GSI value increased gradually from (10.5 ± 6.6) to maximum value (22.5 ± 7.40) with increasing cumulative dose of hormonal induction from 1500 I.U. +The biochemical studied the percentage of total protein and amino acids contents were detected in gonads at different stages of maturation and different experimental conditions in spawning season.The percentage of total protein reached to maximum value in the ripe gonads, while has lowest amount occurred in spent ovary and nearly ripe testes.The same result was obtained in the percentage of total amino acids contents in ovary, but in testes the percentage of total amino acids contents increased with maturation reached the maximum value at the ripe stage and the lowest value at nearly ripe staThe ripe ovaries and tests of C. rueppelli exhibited a maximum concentration of total protein and total amino acids while in treated female the total protein were fluctuated during Exp. I, II, III and IV.In injected male the total protein reached to maximum value after the final injection for exp I, II, III & IV.In the present study nine amino acids (Cy, Va, Meth, Iso, Leu, Tyu, Phenyl and Arg) exhibited the same trend being increased in ripe ovary. This was followed by a significant decrease in completely spent ovaries. Also, other four amino acids (Asp, Thr, GlArginine amino acid is considered as essential acid reached the maximum concentration in gonads of normal ripe fish, whereas Arginine concentration decreased with injection for all the experiments and then increased after the final injection.Methionine represents the second essential amino acid in normal ovaries and testes. This amino acid was fluctuated in female C. rueppelli during injection in experiment I and IV. On the other hand Methionine amino acid reached to the maximum value in gonaCystine amino acid is considered the third amino acid, that reach to the maximum value at ripe normal gonads, while it fluctuated in concentration in gonad of injected female at experiment I. Cystine amino acid concentration reached to the maximum in the In addition, after final injection, Cystine amino acid concentration reached to the maximum concentration in testes of injected male in (exp. I).Lysine amino acid reached to the maximum concentration in nearly ripe normal ovary and maturing normal testes, while Lysine amino acid reached to the maximum concentration in injected male after final injection of experiment I and II. Lysine amino acid reSerine amino acid reached to the minimum concentration in immature normal ovary and testes, while the maximum concentration was recorded in spawning normal gonads. The maximum concentration of Serine was recorded in exp. IV after final injection with LHRHIn C. rueppelli Glutamic acid concentration reached maximum value in spent normal ovary and maturing normal testes, while in injected fish the Glutamic acid concentration reached to the maximum concentration after the final injection for experiment I, II,Proline amino acid in C. rueppelli reached to the maximum concentration in spawning gonads of normal fish, while the maximum concentrationof Proline was reached in testes of injected male for exp. II and IVafter final dose of injection. Proline amino acid was fluctuated in gonads of exp. I, while for exp. III it reached to the minimum concentration after final dose of hormone.Isoleucine and Leucine amino acids exhibited the maximum concentration in ripe normal ovary and in mature and immature normal testes, while Isoleucine and Leucine were fluctuated with injection to reach the minimum values in female of Exp. I., II, III andHistological studies revealed that the oocyte developments in Chrysichthys rueppelli were divided into six periods as follows: The immature period, mature, vacuolized, ripe, spawned and spent and recovery period.At the end of April to the end of June, the ovaries were in the ripe stages.At July and August most of the ovaries were in spawning stage and characterized with empty follicle.Ultrastructurally of the normal ripe oocyte wall in C. rueppelli at spawning season consists of five different layers; outer most layer is theca layer, while the second is follicular epithelium or the granulosa layer. The third & forth layers are zona radHistochemical investigations were carried out to demonstrate carbohydrate and protein in treated (ripening and spawning) oocyte of catfish fresh water Chrysichthys rueppelli during the experimental conditions.The experiment of changes in salinity was cause deformation of granulosa cells, and the degenerated oocytes or atretic yolk oocytes were observed.After six days of last injection with cumulative dose of hormone (Experiment I), the ovary was characterized with completely absorbed atretic follicle; dense mass finally forms a nodule in the ovarian stroma.While after 6 days of final doses of injection with day after day doses of hormones (Experiment II), the cross section of injected ovary was characterized with yolky, vitellogenic oocytes, numbers of empty and atretic oocytes. In (Experiment III), and aftUltrastructurally changes in early atretic oocyte of catfish fresh water Chrysichthys rueppelli were observed oocyte wall, cytoplasmic organelle and yolk granules during injection the ovaries of treated females with gonadotropin hormone only (Experiment IHistological studies reveal that the testes developments in Chrysichthys rueppelli were divided into six periods as follows: the immature period, mature, nearly ripe, ripe, spawning, and spent and recovery period.From the end of April to the end of June, the testes were in the ripe stages. At the end of July most of the ripe testes were going to spawning stages. They were characterized with empty of seminiferous lobules and a reduction in size of lumen.Ultrastructurally characteristics of the normal testis of C. rueppelli during different maturity stages consist of immature stage which consisted mainly of nests of spermatogonia characterized by their faintly stained cytoplasm. Nests of primary and seconIn ripe stages the chromatin material was condensed in the head of spermatozoa and the active one migrated toward the center of the lumen of lobule with three regions (head, short mid piece and a tail).The testis of catfish C. rueppelli considered of lobules lined by Sertoli cells and germinal cysts and filled with germ cells. Sertoli cells were columnar in shape and formed a continuous layer around the periphery of the seminiferous lobules.Intervening interstitial tissue was observed between the lobules and comprised lydig cells, blood vessels and collagen fibers. The ultrastructure of the lydig cells was characterized by an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum as well as numerHistochemical investigations were carried out to demonstrate carbohydrate and protein in injected testis, at spawning period, of catfish Chrysichthys rueppelli during the experimental conditions.Testicular activity in freshwater C. rueppelli treated with change salinity revealed degenerative changes in the testes and low GSI value and the interstitial cells showed no significant signs of recovery.The testis in cross section was characterized with deformed interlobular connective tissue with deformed spermatogonic cells, after six days of last injection of cumulative dose of hormone (Experiment I), while after 6 days of final dose of injection withIn treated male and after 12 days of the last dose of injection gonadotropic hormone only (Experiment III), the testis had shown an obvious recovery stage, while after 14th day of last injection HCG and LHRH at the end of the (Experiment IV), the testes wUltrastructurally changes in the catfish freshwater C. rueppelli were observed in treated testicular tissue during spawning season at different experimental conditions. These changes were pronounced in Sertoli cell after 12 days of 2nd doses of day after Different forms of deformed spermatids were detected after eight days from cumulative doses of hormones (experiment I).Under the experimental change in salinity, it revealed different forms of damaged and deformed spermatozoa characterized with intensively disintegrated cytoplasmic organelle and occupy of large number of vacuoles, and without head nucleus.Other sever alteration were widely extend to sperms with deformed cytoplasmic concentration and deformed tail structure after 14th day of last injection with GtH and LHRHa at the end of the experiment IV. Otherwise, some sperms with only cytoplasm contentThe pituitary gland of fresh water Chrysichthys rueppelli is composed of two main components, a glandular epithelial component, the adenohypophysis, and a nervous component, the neurohypophysis which develops from the brain.Adenohypophysis is divided into rostral pars distalis (RPD), proximal part (PPD) and pars intermedia (PI).A) Rostral Pars Distalis (RPD) contains two distinct acidophilic cell types, prolactin cells (PRL) and Adrinocorticotropic hormone secreting cell (ACTH). The cytoplasm of these cells is characterized by its affinity towards the acidic dyes.B) Proximal Pars Distalis (PPD) is the source of three hormones in three types of cells. Two types are basophilic (thyrotrophic hormone secreting cells (TSH), and the gonadotrophic hormone secreting cells (GTH)), and one type of acidophilic cells (growth The two basophilic cell types are recognized with their staining affinity and their seasonal activity changes.C) Pars Intermedia (PI) are recognized with highly represented gonadotrophic cells (GTH) at the spawning season.2) Neurohypophysis is consists of nerve fiber neural cells and blood capillaries.Histological changes of gonadotropin hormone secreting cells (GTH) in the pituitary gland were studied during annual reproductive cycle in relation to the different maturity stages of female Chrysichthys rueppelli.- Resting stage was extended mainly from December to February, the gonadotropic cells were characterized with faint staining affinity, small cell diameter and number, vacuoles between cells and are located in PPD region.- Ripe & Spawning stages were extended from end of April to July, the maximum growth and staining affinity of GTH cells were recorded, and present mainly in pituitary regions (PPD and PI).- Approaching the end of spawning period gonadotrophic hormone secreting cells were restrictedly distributed again in pituitary regions.- No significant change in GTH cells were recorded than those of female GTH cells except in diameters of the cells.- Ultrastructurally the basophilic can be recognized by the fact that their secretory granules contain glycoprotein.- Acidophils and basophiles cells can be recognized in the shape of the granular endoplasm reticulum (GER). In acidophils, the GER consists of flattened parallel cisternae, in basophiles; the GER consists of irregularly dilated cisternae.- No effect of salinity change on the acidophilic cells except prolactin cells which strongly affected and also the basophilic Gonadotrophic cells were affected with the salinity change with deformed features in appearance and did not response to reproducThe gonadotropic cells were losing its concentration of cytoplasm and granulation and some cells without nucleus after six days of last injection of cumulative dose (Experiment I).After seven days of last injection of day after day dose (Experiment II), the GTH cells in treated female were completely deformed with atretic cytoplasm, while in (Experiment III), GTH cells were characterized by having hyperplasia and hypertrophy, afterAfter 14th days of the last injection of LHRHa and GtH (Experiment IV), the GTH cells of treated female were exhibited marked degree of degranulation and vacuolization.By using electron microscope examination, the gonadotroph cells were observed with deformed organelles except numbers of mitochondria and vacuoles.II ReferencesAbascal, F.J.; Median, A.; Megina, C. and Calzada A. (2002): Ultrastructure of Thunnus thynnus and Euthynnus alletteratus spermatozoa. J. of fish Biology. 60 : 147-153.Abd-Allah, S.A. (1980): Nutritive value of the flesh of different ages of some fishes in high Dam Lake M.Sc. Faculty of Science, Aswan, Assiut University.Abd-Elhakim, E.El Gamal (2003): Histological and histochemical Studies on oogenesis of common Carp, Cyprinus carpio (L.). Bull. Nat. Inst. Of Oceanogr. And Fish, A.R.E. (29): 153-176.Abdin, A.Z. (1986): The reproductive biology of a hypical cyprinid Hampala mecropidola (Van Hasselt) Zool. J. Fish. Biol. 29: 381-391.Abdo, M.A. (1996): Reproductive biology and induce spawning of Dicentrarchus labrax. Ph.D. Thesis Faculty of Science, Alexandria University.Abou-shabana, N.M. (1998): Reproductive biology and physiology characters of one species of family Sparidae, Diplodus cervinus hottentotus. M.SC. Thesis, Faculty of science, Alexandria University.Abraham, M.; Huge, V.; Lison, S.; Tibika, H. (1984): The cellular envelope of oocytes in teleosts. Cell Tissue Res. 235: 403-410.Agostinho, A.A; Narahara, M.Y. and Godinho, H.M. (1982): Morfologia dos Ovarios de Plecostomus commersonii (Valenciennes 1840) Osteichthyes-Loricariidae: Desencolvim ento dos ovocitos e escala de maturidae, Rev. Bras. Biol. 42(1) :71-77.Ahmed, A.H.; Al-Mukhtar, M.A. and Al-Adhub, A.H.Y. (1984): The reproductive biology of Carasoburbus luteus (Pisces / Cyprinidae) in Al-Hammar Mareh, Iraq. Cybium 4(8): 60-80.Aida, K. (1988): A review of plasma hormones changes during ovulation in Cyprinid fishes. Aquaculture, 74: 11-21.Aida, K.; Kato, T. and Awaji, M. (1984): Effects of castration on the smoltification of precocious male masu salmon Oncorhynchus masu. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci Fish. 50, : 565-571.Al-Absawy, M.E.G. (2004): Reproductive and ultrastructure studies on gonads of Trachinotus ovatus (Family: Carangidaw) from the Egyptian Mediterranean water. Thesis. Ph.D. Zagazig university.Ali, H.H. (2003): Reproductive biology and physiology of Solea impar in Abu-Qir Bay. Ph.D Thesis.. Alexandria University.Alok, D; Krishnan, T.; Talwar, G.P. and Garg, L.C. (1993): Induced spawning of catfish, Hetropineustes fossilis (Block), using D-Lys salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog.Alok, D; Talwar, G.P. and Garg L.C. (1999): In vitro activity of the salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), its agonists with structural modifications at positions 6 and 9, mammalian GnRH agonists and native chicken GnRH-II, on the spawning of the Alvarino, J. M.R.; Zanury, S.; Prat, F.; Carrillo, M. and Mananos, E., (1992): Stimulation of ovulation and steroid secretion b
|
|
|